〔農業水産経済研究　第14号　2014. 3〕

Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative Toward Trans Pacific Partnership

IMRAN, Zulhamsyah＊・YAMAO, Masahiro＊＊・HOSONO, Kenji＊＊・HIRATANI Kenshi＊＊＊

Abstract:　　 Neo-liberalization system has affected to Japan Agriculture Cooperatives (JA-Co-ops) since Japan Government formally agreed to entire into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1961.　To explore what the effect of GATT to JA Co-op, this paper will present JA Co-op role and transformation policy in facing neo liberalization system.　This paper was supported by using literature review and secondary data.　As a result showed that JA Co-ops has done transformation through merger, re-structuralization amalgamation, and create innovative concepts to establish and maintain in serving farmer and developing their business.　Recently, JA Co-ops has challenge to overcome issues Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) as part of neo-liberalization system on pacific region.　As a conclusion, neo-liberalization system has both a positive and negative impact on sustainability of JA Co-ops in the future.

[Key words] Neo-liberalization, JA Co-ops, transformation, innovation concept

I　Introduction

　　 Post World War II (WW II) in 1945, Japan government has had a commitment to reconstruction economic growth as a major economic power.　Japan economic recovery had begun during the occupation by United State of America until a peace treaty in 1951.　In period 1950-1970, Japan had raised a rapid economic growth which establishment of Japan’s economic policy centered on achieving economic self-reliance.　Finally, Japan has emergence the giant economic during period 1970-2000 which has determined within industry revolution policy.　However, Japan had experienced a disastrous decade of economic stagnation and deflation from 1991 to 2001 after bubbles in its stock market and land market collapsed (Makin, 2008).　　　 During the period 1991-2001, Japan has also faced and solved the land and capital reform, economic system changing, oil crisis and shock, food crisis, agriculture development, and financial crisis.　In contrary, Japan Government could get success to develop industrialization to support economic growth; however, it has challenged to reduce gap between industry and agriculture sector. Teruoka (2008) remarket that Japan obtain to overcome numerous difficulties to maintain a relatively high rate of growth, increase its trade and fiscal surpluses, and become an even greater economic over than heretofore in period 1970-2000 which were supported by enormous technological innovation in the core industrial sectors feeding consumer demand; thorough restricting of employee; and a thorough shift based on the above two factors to a low labor, low waste style management. However, Japan’s nominal GDP growth rate was below zero during 1997-2001, with most of its positive real growth resulting from the technical application of GDP deflators averaging about -1.5 percent (Makin, 2008).

＊ Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, and Lecturer of Bogor Agricultural University　＊＊ Hiroshima University　＊＊＊ Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University

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　　 Even though Japan’s economics had growth progressively during 1945-2000, the agriculture sector had got pressure through the international economic system changed and domestic condition. Agriculture development had begun which performing of land reform during 1945-1947 and it had achieved for rice production in 1955, and then the government made a policy, “Agriculture Basic Law,” in 1961 to address agricultural issues developing from the achievement of high economic growth and participation in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) system (Teruoka, 2008).　Even, Japan Government had continued to breakdown and retraction through composite agricultural policy that modified the Basic Law Agricultural Policy.　Indeed, Japan Government produced several packet policy for developing agriculture and increase food production and self-sufficiency until now.　As known, Japan’s economic development throughout period could not ignored by how Japanese Agriculture Cooperatives have interesting played role to stimulate and accelerate economic growth and perform transformation in facing liberalization and neo-liberalization system.　　 After WW II, JA Co-op activities have contributed to improve agricultural productivity and farmer’s socio-economic conditions were indispensable factor for the economic development in Japan (Yamada, 2012).　He added an explanation that JA Co-op transaction values in 2009 reached about 53 billion US dollars (4.2 trillion yen) of collective sales, 38 billion dollars (3.0 trillion yen) of collective purchases, trillion dollars (85 trillion yen) of saving deposits and 4 trillion dollars (320 trillion yen) of long-term insurance.　　 Meanwhile, JA Co-op has used its tremendous political clout, backed by the nation’s rural communities, to block agricultural reform in Japan for the past half century (Yamashita, 2009).　It succeeded in keeping rice prices artificially high during the years when the government set rice prices under the staple food control system, achieving average annual increases of almost 10% during the 1960s, in particular.　And since the passage of the Agricultural Basic Law in 1961, it has opposed all policies to reform the industry structurally through the creation of large-scale farms and the encouragement corporate-style farming.　Food Control, High Prices, and the Rise of JA Co-op, expanded its reach and influence by capitalizing on the government’s system for controlling distribution and pricing of staple foods.　Rice, wheat, and barley accounted for 70% of all produce marketed by JA Co-op through sales volume at the outset, and the system for controlling these foods was integral to JA’s activities from the beginning.　　 JA Co-ops has also play role for facing the changing of economic globalization system to neo-liberalization system.　It had performed transformation of institution to protect the farmer and maintain food production and self-sufficiency.　During the period 1950-2010, JA Co-op had stipulated and implemented various transformations in facing open market system.　According to problem and challenge as explanation above, this paper will depict what is the JA Co-op role and transformation policy in facing neo liberalization system.　This paper comprise to four part, namely: (1) introduction, (2) neo-liberalization affected to Japanese Agriculture and agriculture cooperative, (3) transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative in facing neo-liberalization system, and (4) conclusion.

II　Neo-Liberalization Affected to Japanese Agriculture and Agriculture Cooperative

　　 Japan’s Agriculture has performed consistent policy protection and support since the end of WW II and at least until now.　Japan’s farmers have been facilitated much policy protection and received more support than any farmers in development countries.　Many scholars agreed that

Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative Toward Trans Pacific Partnership ― 15 ―

Japan’s nominal protection rate for agricultural commodities is one of the highest among developed nations.　But also the others scholar say that Japan’s nominal protection rate for agriculture commodities are very low around the world.　　 JA Co-op has contributed to evolve agriculture commodities.　For examples, It share of the farm input market has been more than 30% over the past 30 years (Figure 1).　Figure 1 also points out that it has not changed the ratio of the share of JA Co-op to increase farmer participation on its market.　Advanced farmers develop their own channel market and they get material from others source for farming activities (Yoshihisa, 2001).　On the other hand, many small-scale farmers still depend on JA Co-op and they offset the decreasing of the share of this institution.　　　 In fact, Japan’s farmers have faced the dilemma since Japan Government has made decision to follow GATT and neo-liberalization system in period 1955-2000.　One hand, Government of Japan (GOJ) has continued to protect the farmers and their product; on the other hand, GOJ must follow to neo-liberalization economic system which is promoted by the government of Margareth Tatcher (1979-1990), Ronald Reagand (1981-1989), and Yasuhiro Nakasone (1982-1987).　Due to privatization, deregulation and liberalization, national economics and agricultural sectors became to be greatly affected by capitalism market mechanism (Teruoka, 2008).　　　 In addition, the pro-neo liberalization policy is aimed at putting agriculture in Japan on a competitive footing, which will need to be reinforced by additional reforms that address the market distortions that adversely affect the efficiency and competitiveness of the sector (Fabusoro et al., 2012).　Barriers to competition will need to be lowered, first among farmers themselves, and ultimately with other economic sectors and internationally (OECD, 2009).　And then, Fabusoro et al.　(2012) added that some of the pro-liberalization policies already implemented and affected the structure and function of JA Co-op, such as:(1) �Financial liberalization: Financial liberalization came into effect in Japan in the late 1970s with

the Ministry of Finance, allowing greater competition in the financial sector and liberalizing interest rates.　The move was to remove policy supports that helped inefficient banking and

Figure 1.　Nokyo’s share of services to farm household (per cent)

Sources: https://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/pep/pep-318.pdf

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insurance institutions to thrive.　The special interest rate allowance for JA’s Bank (Norinchukin) was also removed.　This policy affected JA’s financial structure and commenced the collapse of the financial strength of JA.

(2) �Implementation of Trade Agreements on import tariffs:�The implementation of trade agreements such as the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) and the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) among others has brought a steady change in agricultural policy in Japan.　Under the URAA, Japan committed to reduce the tariff rate for agricultural goods by 36% on average and a minimum 15% for each commodity, between 1995 and 2000.　Japan also replaced all its quantitative restrictions on imports with tariff rate quotas including rice.　The EPAs were entered into to eliminate or reduce tariffs, and to introduce preferential tariff quotas for several sensitive agricultural products such as poultry meat and fruits.　EPAs have been made with several countries among which are Singapore, Mexico in 2004, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Chile, and Switzerland.　The latest of such trade agreement talks is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which has wider applications and implications for agriculture in Japan.

(3) �Reduction of price support: Price support estimates (PSEs) showed a steady decline from around 1986 with periodic increases in the early 1990s.　The nominal value of the PSE declined by 37% from JPY 7,236 billion in 1986-88 to JPY 4,541 billion in 2005-2007.　The declining in the level of PSE support is due to the domestic deregulation for rice and the reductions of tariff in the URAA, particularly in the case of livestock products (OECD, 2009).

(4) �Revision of the agricultural land ownership and land use system: This is to ensure that farmland is used efficiently and to allow commercial farming.　This is a consequence of the yearly reduction in the total area of land used for agricultural purposes that has resulted largely from an increase in farmland abandonment and conversion to other purposes.

(5) �Liberalization of marketing of agricultural inputs and products: Until the mid-1980s, JA was the sole marketer of agricultural inputs such as fertilizer, seeds, chemicals, and machinery.　It also had the monopoly for the marketing of agricultural products, collection of products from farmers and their distribution across Japan.　With deregulation, agricultural inputs and the products market became open to competitors, forcing down prices and limiting the influence of JA in most rural communities.　Most farmers also have the opportunity to market their products directly by themselves or join other cooperatives to market their products.

(6) �Before the liberalization: JA was the only producer cooperative in Japan and all farmers were conscripted as members.　With the deregulation, farmers have liberty to resign their membership and form other cooperatives.　This gave many farmers opportunity to pursue competitive farming and take advantage of the open market to earn more income than they would have under the JA system.　

III Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative on Facing Neo-Liberalization System

　　 JA Co-op has a long history to support Japan Government on developing agriculture sector. As known, it had run business in every village and almost 100% of farm households join the co-ops since 1900.　Indeed, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry established cooperatives around the nation since the early 1930s, which covered various functions not only as credit unions but also as comprehensive

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agricultural service cooperatives (i.e.: procurement of supplies and marketing of produce).　Japan government combines the industrial cooperatives with the political groups representing rural landowners to initiate “agricultural associations”, in order to maintain and control over all the households in a certain area during WW II.　In addition, in this period the JA Co-ops were forced to transform into government control organizations and all farmers were obliged to join the organization to support the wartime economy (Nonaka, 2006).　He added that after WW II, JA Co-op was re-organized with a more democratic style, known as the Rockdale style.　The Agricultural Co-operative Society Act promulgated in 1947, which is the basic regal background of today’s JA co-ops.　It is based on the Rockdale style, as a democratic control with each member one vote, freedom of joining, dividends per share and so on.　　 In same time, GOJ Government made a policy to turn those agriculture associations into agriculture cooperative which has been called Nokyo.　It has function to collect rice, wheat, and barley from farmers.　Because of it was established by the government, encompassed all farmers throughout the country, and was comprehensive in its role, taking control of most of the economic activities of Japan’s farming communities.　Over 70% of agricultural cooperative sales turnover for agricultural products was rice and cereals by using food control system at that time (Teruoka, 2008). These conditions had continued before GOJ ratified The United State-Japan Mutual Security Agreement in June 1960.　Previously, Japan had also begun the process of trade and capital liberalization with the GATT summit held in Tokyo in October 1959 and the formulation of trade and currency liberalization plan in 1960.　Finally, Japan jointed as one of the eleven GATT signatory nations in February 1963.　These systems had given positive impact for Japan’s economic growth.　Teruoko (2008) stated that after liberalization system Japan’s Economic rose to 41% and 93% on 1960 and 1964 respectively.　Otherwise, GATT had also affected on declining of agriculture product, it meant would influence to farmer, especially full time work in farming.　　　 As a result, liberalization system have obvious continued in period 1970-2000 when negotiation for GATT was conducted in Uruguay in 1986, including the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern European Socialist system around 1990 and the start of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and ending in 2000.　Both of them have various impacted to agriculture and agriculture cooperative development in Japan.　Even, now a day, farmer and JA Co-op have faced the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) as part of neo-liberalization system.　　 On facing these impacts, JA Co-op had arranged and done many policies to protect and serve farmer in Japan.　However, high levels of economic achievements some of the social values have begun to erode (Prakash, 2000).　There are new pressures which have been generated by the global competitiveness which is forcing the country to undertake some structural reforms.　　　 Prakash (2000) added that the JA Co-ops movement was striving hard to maintain and enhance its presence in the market in spite of pressures of open market economy and the WTO regulations. JAs are trying to align their business operations also in line with the changing food habits of the people.　Agricultural cooperatives have also taken steps to implement new strategies to enter the 21st century.　There are six major reforms that are being undertaken by the Government: (1) government expenditure reforms; (2) administrative reforms; (3) financial reforms; (4) economic structural reforms; (5) welfare reforms; and (6) educational reforms.　　 JA Co-ops have also taken steps to implement new strategies to face neo liberalization and enter the 21st century.　These strategies are mainly designed to safeguard the interests of the farmers and some of the measures being pushed by JA-Zenchu are as follows (Prakash, 2000): (1)

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empowerment and participation of members; (2) mobilization of member-group movements in cooperative enterprises; (3) dynamic and efficient restructuring of cooperative business practices; (4) cooperative marketing business practices; (5) cooperative supply business practices; (6) cooperative credit business practices; and (7) other cooperative business practices.　　 The interesting policy had taken by the Central Union of Agriculture Co-operative in Japan to face import liberalization of agricultural product were promote mergers and structural reorganization in 1988.　Merger development was reorganization of three tiers system into a two tier system (Tanaka, 2000).　While Prakash (2000) added that transformation meant the three-tier system is being steadily converted into a two-tier system by eliminating the prefectural tier to improve efficiency in management, delivery of services and savings on administration expenses.　It is argued that by doing so the basic members will get greater economic benefits.　It is also assumed that members of primary cooperatives will be better served by the federal institutions.　　 Moreover, Tanaka (2000) explained that federation at the prefectural level organized by function and classified into two categories, as follow: (1) Those mainly composed of multi-purpose agricultural co-operative such as prefectural economic

(marketing and supply), credit, and mutual insurance federation; and(2) A single purpose agricultural cooperative such as dairy and horticultural co-operative federation.　　 Tanaka (2000) added that reorganization had also meaning for each of the 47 prefectures in Japan has a prefectural union whose members are primary societies and prefectural federations.　In addition, each prefectural federation has a national counterpart, such as the National Federation of Agricultural Co-operative Association (ZENNO).　And then, The Central Union of Agricultural C0-operatives (ZENCHU), who membership is held basically by primary co-ops, prefectural unions and federations, and various national federations, is a nationwide organization.　　　 According to Tanaka, a number of JA Co-ops after merger and reorganization had fell sharply from 1993 to 1998, and it had continued went down dramatically to 944 in 2003.　 During 2003-2012, a number of JA Co-ops had constantly decreased to 713 in 2012 (see Figure 2).　 Currently there are around 700 JA Co-op all of around Japan Nation (Yamada, 2012).　Meanwhile, due to the open market implications, a greater number of ageing farmers, inability to recruit or interest young people to enter farming profession, and the growing needs of farmer-members to market their products fast and with some economic advantage, the JAs appear to be facing problems.　The consequences have been: members prefer to have direct access to the market; members converting their farm lands into non-farm purposes; members do not have excess funds for savings; and, the cooperatives prefer to invest their funds in non-farm investments (even speculations) to earn higher incomes (Tanaka, 2000). To solve these obstacles, JA Co-op has taken place amalgamation model as suggestion on cooperatives report 2000 which provision by Dr. Laidlaw’s.　　 Prakash (2000) mentioned that amalgamation of JAs has been high on the agenda.　The process is viewed as very difficult, nerve-wrecking, highly diplomatic and time-consuming.　This involves the ego-power of local leaders, division of assets and liabilities and displacement and rationalization of employees.　From 12,000 agricultural cooperatives in 1960, the number went down to 2,300 in 1995 and 1,500 in 1999, and it is expected that the number of amalgamated cooperatives would still go down to 550 by the end of the year 2000.　　 The main aim of amalgamation is to strengthen the JA group and to make the cooperatives economically viable (Prakash, 2000).　He explained that JA Co-ops have been following this program

Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative Toward Trans Pacifi c Partnership ― 19 ―

with the following objectives: making the farming operations viable, making the cooperatives strong and viable, and facing the market competitions bravely through a strong collective bargaining power.　The process has been slow and painful.　Some of the problems faced by cooperatives in the process of amalgamation have been: (1) division of assets and liabilities, (2) placement of personnel, (3) diffi culties in arriving at consensus, and (4) egoistic attitudes of local leaders.　The process is based on consensus and with the agreement of all the members.　Government directives or instructions have no place in the process.　Business organizations like the JA-ZENNO and JA-Zenkyoren are already actively pursuing the process of amalgamation to consolidate their business and to provide more effi cient services to their members.　　　 JA Co-op has also created the several concept of cooperative in facing neo-liberalization.　Prakash (2000) stated that there are several concepts could be developed by ZENNO in Japan in transformation policy (see Table 1).　　 Currently, agriculture sector and JA Co-op have also faced a regional free trade area which was called Trans Pacifi c Partnership (TPP).　As Prime Minister of Japan, Noda, explained that Japan government followed the Kan administration’s agricultural policy plans with a “Basic Policy and Action Plan for Revitalizing Japan’s Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries”, which was designed to facilitate Japan’s participation in the TPP negotiations (Araki, 2012).　As consequence, industrial sectors have taken a position as pro group; on the other hand, mainly agriculture sectors have taken place as contra group no a day.　　 Meanwhile JA Co-ops were in the process of drawing up a vision of its future and a set of policy proposals to strengthen the nation’s farming sector in facing TPP (Araki, 2012).　She added that these conditions had depend on how JA Co-ops tackle issues related to the TPP, however, discussions in and outside the government could lead to a drastic review of the entire JA organization.　For example Miyagi Prefecture farmer recently told The Yomiuri Shimbun deeply concerned about what lies ahead if JA Co-ops continue to cling to the status quo.　Let we see what kind of the transformation will be taken by JA Co-op toward TPP agreement if Japan Government will agree and sign the agreement as one of TPP members.

3,012

1,833

944794 713

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

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1993 1998 2003 2008 2012

Num

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Figure ₂.　A number of JA Co-op in Japan during 1₉₉₃︲₂₀1₂

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IV　Conclusion

　　 Agriculture and JA Co-ops are affected and changed from monopoly market to open market system in transaction of agriculture product to follow the liberation during period 1950-1970 and continue following neo-liberalization system in period 1970-present.　Because of Japan Government and JA Co-ops has promote to pro-liberalization, as consequences many policies has already implemented and affecting the structure and function of JA Co-op.　　　 Both liberalization and neo-liberation system emerge a positive and negative impact to Japanese Agricultural Cooperative.　Merger and reorganization structure of JA Co-op perform on reducing of employee, take cost and spend time on reformation system toward balance re-structuralization.　On the other hand, JA Coop also create innovation concept; so that, it can increase competitive attitude within institution and among member of cooperative to resolve open market system.　　　 TPP, as deferential of neo-liberalization system, is coming up issue that it will be faced by

Table 1　Several concept of JA Co-ops transformation in facing Neo-Liberalization

Sources: Prakash (2000)

No. Concept Remark 1. Creation of a Corporate Identity A view to bring unity within the agricultural cooperatives and

to highlight the quality of JA products, the Movement adopted a Corporate Identity – JA [representing the Japanese Agricultural Cooperative]

2. The Concept of Cooperative Companies

A legal limitation on the agricultural cooperatives to carry out business with non-members, the cooperatives have created companies which are wholly owned and controlled by cooperatives

3. The Concept of “Joint-Use The concept is widely implemented not only in the agricultural cooperative sector but also in other industrial sectors This concept implies joint purchasing, joint marketing, joint use of capital, and joint use of facilities.

4. Collaboration with Private Enterprises

This concept is based strictly on the principle of pure business.

5. The Concept of One-Window Service It is generally observed that the office a primary cooperative is alike a cooperative complex where the members transact their business at one place.

6. Farm Guidance Activities This concept is not only to provide technical information to the farmers on cultivation of various crops but also to assist their farmer to increase their income

7. Regional Agricultural Promotion Planning [RAPP]

The RAPP not only produces a comprehensive agricultural promotion plan, but also summaries a few other things e.g., the quantity and quality of rice, barley, corn, fruits and vegetables, the approximate requirements of fertilizers, farm chemicals, farm implements

8. One-Village-One Product Concept The JAs have supported the members to specialize in their respective products one village

9. Diversification of Agricultural Practices

JAs are not restricting themselves to produce rice and vegetables alone.

10. Farm Management Centre These technical units are created to provide all services and equipment related to farming to the farmer-members

11. Producer-Consumer Contact Markets The JA provides space to farmer-members to sell their products [fruits, vegetables, flowers, potted plants etc.] directly to the consumers without going through the process of middleman or local markets

12. The Concept of Double-Check in Accounts

Business transactions are double- checked to avoid any error or mishandling.

13. The Concept of Savings with the Cooperative

Members are encouraged to deposit their savings with their cooperatives.

Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative Toward Trans Pacific Partnership ― 21 ―

agriculture sector and JP Co-ops.　It is needed to arrange new strategies and policy how to handle and anticipate if Japan Government agrees to engage as one of TPP members.

References[1] Araki, L. (2012, June 21). Japanese Agricultural Reform and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Retrieved July 12, 2012, from NBR: http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=257[2] Fabusoro, E., Maruyama, M., & Fapojuwo, O. (2012, July 1-4). Japanese Farmers’ Dilemma on Pro-

liberalization Policies and Structural Transformation of the Japan Agricultural Cooperative. IFSA Symposium. Aarhud, Denmar: IFSA. Retrieved July 12, 2012, from IFSA: http://www.ifsa2012.dk/downloads/WS2_2/Fabusoro_Maruyama_Fapojuwo.pdf

[3] Makin, J. H. (2008, March 01). Japan’s Lost Decade. Retrieved July 20, 2012, from American Enterprise Institute: http://www.aei.org/article/economics/financial-services/japans-lost-decade-outlook/

[4] Nonaka, A. (2006). The Agricultural Structure and Agricultural Co-ops in Japan. FFTC-NACF International Seminar on Agricultural Cooperatives in Asia: Innovations and Opportunities in the 21st Century. Seoul: National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (NACF) and Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region (FFTC/ASPAC).

[5] OECD. (2009). Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Japan. Paris,: OECD.[6] Prakash, D. (2000). Development of Agricultural Cooperatives-Relevance of Japanese Experiences

to Developing Countrie. The 14th ICA-Japan International Training Course on “Strengthening Management of Agricultural Cooperatives in Asia”. Japan: IDACA.

[7] Tanaka, H. (2000). Merger and Structural Reorganization of Agricultural co-operatives in Japan. In J. Nilsson, & v. G. Dijk, Strategies and Structures in the Agro-Food Industries (pp. 185-193).

[8] Teruoka. (2008). Rapid Economic Growth-1950s Through Early 1970s. In S. Teruoka, Agriculture in the Modernization of Japan 1850-2000. Delhi: Manohar Publisher & Distributors.

[9] Teruoka, S. (2008). Japan’s Emergence as a Major Economic Power and a Minor Agricultural Nation: 1970s to 2000. In S. Teruoka, Agriculture in the Modernization of Japan 1850-2000. Delhi: Manahor Publisher & Distributor.

[10] Teruoka, S. (2008). Reconstruction of Japanese Capitalism and Land Reform under Occupation. In S. Teruoka, Agriculture in the Modernization of Japan 1850-2000 (pp. 155-171). Delhi: Manohar Publisher & Distributor.

[11] Teruoka, S. (n.d.). Japan’s Emergence as a Major Economic Power and Minor Agricultural Nation:.

[12] Yamada, S. (2012). Statement by Mr. Shuji YAMADA, Vice Minister, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of JAPAN. The 9th Asia-Pacific Cooperative Ministers’ Conference on Enabling Co-operative Legal and Policy Environment for ‘Sufficiency Economy’. Bangkok: ICA.

[13] Yamashita, K. (2009). The Agricultural Cooperatives and Farming Reform in Japan. Retrieved July 12, 2012, from The Tokyo Foundation: http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/articles/2008/the-agricultural-cooperatives-and-farming-reform-in-japan-1/

[14] Yoshihisa, G. (2001). The changing Economic Performance and Political Significance of Japan’s Agricultural Cooperatives. Pacific Economic Papers, 1-34.

広　島　大　学

農業水産経済研究第　14　号� 2014年�3�月

No.�14� March�2014

広島大学大学院生物圏科学研究科食料資源経済学講座

ISSN  0918-6913

論　文

集落営農の規模と構成員の意識― 広島県の３つの集落営農法人アンケート結果から ―　　　　   ……………………………………………………… 田中　秀樹・吉弘　昌昭（１）

Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative Toward Trans Pacific Partnership　　　　   ………………………………… IMRAN, Zulhamsyah・YAMAO, Masahiro　　　

HOSONO, Kenji・HIRATANI, Kenshi（13）

修学旅行生の民家宿泊体験に対する評価と効果― 沖縄県伊江島での実施校に対するアンケート調査から ―　　　　   ……………………………………… 細野　賢治・加藤　　愛・内藤　重之（23）

四川省成都市を事例とした加工食品消費の現状― 都市部の食生活における食の外部化・外注化に注目して ―　　　　   ……………………………………………………… 天野　通子・矢野　　泉（33）

書　評

小野征一郎編著『魚類養殖業の経済分析』 ………………………… 渡辺　　新（39）

鶴井啓司『漁業再興と担い手育成』 …………………………………… 佐藤　友香（43）

柴田明夫『コメ国富論』 …………………………………………………… 佐々木　智（47）

日本農業経営学会編『次世代土地利用型農業と企業経営』　　　　   ……………………………………………………………………… 馬場　　譲（51）

CONTENTSArticles

Village-based Group Farming Size and the Members’ Consciousness; An analysis of the findings by the member survey of three group farmings in Hiroshima prefecture　　　　   ………………………………… TANAKA, Hideki・YOSHIHIRO, Masaaki（１）

Transformation of Japanese Agriculture Cooperative Toward Trans Pacific Partnership　　　　   ………………………………… IMRAN, Zulhamsyah・YAMAO, Masahiro　　　

HOSONO, Kenji・HIRATANI, Kenshi（13）

Assessment for Rural Home Stay Experience by Students Going to the Educational Trip and its Effects; According to the Questionnaire Analysis to the High School Which Has Been to Ie Island Okinawa as Educational Trip　　　　   ………………………… HOSONO, Kenji・KATO, Ai・NAITO, Shigeyuki（23）

Present Condition of Consumption of Processed Food in China’s Urban Area: A Case Study in Chengdu City　　　　   …………………………………………… AMANO, Michiko・YANO, Izumi（33）

Book Reviews

ONO, S (2013) “Economic Analysis of Fishes Aquaculture”　　　　   ……………………………………………………………WATANABE, Arata（39）

TSURUI, K (2011) “Fishery Revival and Training for Bearer”　　　　   …………………………………………………………………… SATO, Yuka（43）

SHIBATA, A (2009) “National Wealth Theory for Rice”　　　　   …………………………………………………………………SASAKI, Satoshi（47）

The Farm Management Society of Japan (2011) “Next-generation Land-extensive Farming and Corporate Management”　　　　   ………………………………………………………………… BABA, Yuzuru（51）

AGRICULTURAL AND FISHERIESECONOMICS OF HIROSHIMA

UNIVERSITY 広島大学

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