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The Chemistry of Life
Organic Molecules
• Organic Molecules– Contain carbon and hydrogen
• Four most abundant types– Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids• Monomers link together to form polymers
– Link by dehydration synthesis– Broken apart by hydrolysis
Functional Groups of Organic Molecules
EsterHydroxyl
CarboxylAmino
SulfhydrylPhosphate
Type of Molecule Chemical Structure FunctionsCarbohydrates
Simple Sugars MonosaccharidesDisaccharides
quick fuel for metabolism, being used both as an energy source (glucose being the most important in nature) and in biosynthesis
Complex Carbohydrates (starch, cellulose, chitin)
Polysaccharides cellulose and chitin are structural polysaccharides; others are used for energy
Lipids
Triglycerides (fats, oils) glycerol and three fatty acids
enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver
Phospholipids glycerol, a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule
major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers
Sterols fused four-ring core structure
important component of membrane lipids; hormones
Waxes long chain fatty acids and primary alcohols
provide waterproofing (are insoluble in water)
Proteins one or more long chains of amino acid residues
assist in cell function
Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
polynucleotides—strands composed of nucleotides
store and use genetic information
Macromolecules of Life
Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars– 5, 6 carbon atoms– Glucose, fructose
Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis– Lactose, maltose (sugar cane, sugar beets)
Fructose Sucrose
Oligosaccharides• Intermediate length carbohydrates
– 3 – 100 monomers together– Glycoproteins – used for immunity
• Blood types – protein on the surface of blood cell for A, B, AB, O
Complex Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates – Polysaharides– Cellulose, chitin, starch, glycogen
Lipids
• Hydrophobic• Energy-rich• Used for:
protection, insulation, energy store
Types of Organic Molecules - Lipids
• Lipids – DO NOT dissolve in water• Fatty Acids
– Saturated – all single bonds and hydrogen bonds, hard to break down
– Unsaturated – has at least 1 double bond, liquid at room temperature
– used to make or catabolize other lipids• Triglycerides (Fats) – fatty acids + glycerol
– protection, insulation, energy storage• Sterols – lipids with carbon rings
– Vitamin D, cortisone, cholesterol, testosterone (hormones)• Waxes – fatty acids + alcohols or other hydrocarbons
Types of Organic Molecules - Lipids
• Phospholipids – Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate– Amphipathic – have polar and nonpolar ends
• Only polar end can bond to water molecules• Hydrophobic – Cannot bond with water• Hydrophilic – Will bond with water
– Build cell membranes• Eicosanoids – prostaglandins, leukotrienes• Carotenes – make Vitamin A, antioxidants• Vitamin E, K – healing, antioxidant, blood clotting• Lipoproteins – transport other lipids in blood
Proteins• Proteins – Carbohydrates with N atom
– Need them to carry out most chemical reactions in the body
– Made of amino acids • C atom + COOH, NH2, R-group (distinguishing character)• 20 types• Combined into proteins by peptide bonds
– Polypeptide = chain of amino acids– Protein = polypeptide shaped into protein shape– Denaturation – Modifying the structure of a protein
changing/destroying its function• pH, heat, salt
Proteins
Proteins
• Proteins Are Complex and Highly Versatile– Protein folding
• Primary (1º) structure• Secondary (2º) structure• Tertiary (3º) structure• Quaternary (4º) structure
– Genetic code specifies amino acid sequence
Proteins
• Denaturation: loss of function– Function depends on overall shape– Vulnerable to conditions that alter shape
• Heat, salt, pH
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Genetic Information– Nucleic acid (polymer)
• DNA – stores genetic information• RNA – enables cells to use DNA
– Nucleotide (monomer)• Nitrogenous base – A, G, T, C, or U
Nucleic Acids
DNA