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Low Impact Fisheries in the Baltic Sea– modified and alternative fishing techniques
Gustaf Almqvist The Fisheries Secretariat (FISH)
LIF/LIFE (Low Impact Fuel-Efficient)
aim to mitigateDirect effects of fishing: Effects of target species (selectivity)Bycatch, Habitat impacts, Vulnerable speciesIndirect effects of fishing: Carbon emissions – Fuel efficiency
Seas At Risk 2009: “Moving towards Low Impact Fisheries In Europe” WWF 2007: “Towards Low Impact Fisheries” FAO 2012: “Barriers to achieving low-impact fuel-efficient fishing” Suuronen et al 2012. ”Low impact and fuel efficient fishing—looking beyond the horizon” Fisheries Research 119– 120: 135– 146
Baltic conditions:
Opportunity for LIF/LIFE
CFP: Regionalisation (co-management)Funds available for gear changesMSY Discard ban: selectivity
Baltic pilot area, LIFGood climate for co-operation
Limited no. of countries
All EU MS, besides Russia (7% tot. catches)
Not significant inequality among Baltic MS
International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC)BALTFISH
Example of co-management
Favourable ecological conditionsLow biodiversityClean fisheries
Recovering fish stocks
HOWEVER
Susceptible to overfishing
5 of 7 stocks fished above FMSY levels
Unbalanced status of Baltic fish species
Seals and cormorants
Exposed to other anthropogenic stresses PollutionNutrition load - Eutrophication
LIF(E) can be achieved e.g. by shifting to new techniques or by modifying existing techniques.
Active gears:Bottom trawls, Danish seines, pelagic trawls
Purse seine nets,
Passive gears:Gill nets, trap nets, longlines, pots
Jigging machines
Illustration from FAO and SEAFDEC, in Suuronen et al. 2012
Bottom trawls- Otter trawlscod, flatfish
Effects of target species (selectivity)
Bacoma
T90
Illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Stern trawlerSide trawler Ramp trawlervessel drawings are from Tschernij & Suuronen (2002)
Illustration from FAO and SEAFDEC, in Suuronen et al. 2012
Bottom trawls- Otter trawlscod, flatfish
HabitatImpacts on sea floor and benthic species
not well studied in the Baltic SeaResuspension of contaminants
Suspended materials – effects on pelagic fish eggs (e.g. cod, flatfish)?
Vulnerable species -
BycatchDiscard: Undersized cod 8%
Flatfish (plaice, Baltic flounder)Salmon
Modified illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Danish seinesflatfish, cod – only marginally used today
Effects of target species (selectivity)Mixed information:
Knowledge and experience of fishermenFor herding species – poor selection
BycatchDiscard: Undersized cod 1%
Knowledge and experience of fishermen
Habitat Resuspension of sediment and contaminants
Vulnerable species
-
Scottish seining – fly-shootingMore catch/fuel efficient
Fuel efficient
Illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg, from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Pelagic/midwater trawlssprat & herring
Effects of target species (selectivity)High mortality of clupeids that escape
Unaccounted discard
Scattering school of pelagic species
BycatchMixed catches of sprat & herringsalmon, juvenile cod
Habitat -
Vulnerable species -
Fuel efficient volume/ semi efficient value
Illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Purse seine netsshoaling pelagic speciesclupeids – usage in the Baltic Sea?
Effects of target species (selectivity)Selective but depend on
knowledge and experience of fishermenLarge catches; ecological consequences
BycatchKnowledge and experience of fishermen
Slipping (mortality up to almost 30%, Tenningen et al. 2012)
Habitat Bottom contact, ”purse lines” (wire)
Vulnerable species
harbour porpoises (can be mitigated)
Fuel efficient
Gill nets cod, flatfish, salmon/seatrout & coastal sp.
Effects of target species (selectivity)
size range selectivetrammel nets less selective
larger meshes than minimum allowedunaccounted discard?
Bycatch non-commercial fish species
Illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Gill nets cod, flatfish, salmon/seatrout and coastal species
Effects of target species (selectivity)
size range selectivetrammel nets less selective
larger meshes than minimum allowedunaccounted discard?
Bycatch Undersized cod 7%
non-commercial fish species
Illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Habitat >12 m: 13.4 km (nets combined); <12 m: 9.9 km
Effects on bottom structure during retrieval of the gear Ghostnets
Vulnerable speciesBirds, harbour porpoises
(drift net ban 2008)
Map showing cumulative numbers of the total annual bird bycatch in the Baltic Sea. From Žydelis et al., 2009.
Steller’s eider caught in a net. Photo: .Markus Vetemaa, in LIFE 05 NAT/LV/000100
Gill nets cod, flatfish, salmon/seatrout and coastal species
Effects of target species (selectivity)
size range selectivetrammel nets less selective
larger meshes than minimum allowedunaccounted discard?
BycatchDiscard: Undersized cod 7%
non-commercial fish species
Illustration by Niels Knudsen, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet, Esbjerg from Korsgaard et al. (2007).
Habitat >12 m: 13.4 km; <12 m: 9.9 km
Effects on bottom structure during retrieval of the gear Ghostnets
Vulnerable speciesharbour porpoises, birds
drift net ban 2008
Fuel consumption - varies
Longlines – demersal & pelagiccod (flatfish), salmon/seatrout
Effects of target species (selectivity)
semi-selective –hook size
BycatchUndersized cod 12%
(non-commercial species)
Illustration from FAO and SEAFDEC, in Suuronen et al. 2012Habitat
Little effects
Vulnerable species(birds?)Fuel consumption - varies
TrapnetsClupeids, salmonids, (cod)
Effects of target species (selectivity)
Depends on mesh sizeEscape panels
BycatchNon target fish species
HabitatLittle effects
Vulnerable species-
modified illustrations from LIFE 05 NAT/LV/000100
Fuel consumption - varies
Seal safe pontoon trap netClupeids, salomonids
Illustration Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute., in Suuronen et al. 2012
Cod potscod
Effects of target species (selectivity)
selective
Bycatch-
Habitat-
Vulnerable species-
illustration from Furevik et al. 2008
Fuel consumption - ?
Jigging machinescod
Effects of target species (selectivity)
selective
Bycatch-
Habitat-
Vulnerable species-
Illustration from: http://www.montereyfish.com/pages/methods/jigging.html
Fuel consumption ?
Bottom trawls & Danish seines, more focus on:
•Selection not only in posterior part of trawl
•Less bottom contact
•Conduct studies on effects on sea floorand ecosystem
•Escapement panels/grids in the Baltic Sea- examples from other areas
Technical improvements
The CRISP trawl, currently under development in Norway (Valdemarsen et al. 2011).
Less rigid and more flexible approach to gear tests and development efforts
Pelagic trawls, more focus on:
•Measures to reduce bycatch of salmon, cod
•Scattering effects on target species and predatory fish (also Purse seines)
Sweden, smaller purse seine nets (<6 m) (350 m in length and 28 m in depth)
0.02 l/kg catchlow bycatch
rope instead of wire
Longlines, more focus on:
•Circle hooks mandatory
•Mitigate problems with Saduria entomon eating the bait
•Improve efficiency by looking at baits (Cod pots)
Cod Bottom trawlDanish seine
Cod pot
DemersalLongline
GillnetsJigging
machine
Target species effects,
selectivity
+
Habitat
Bycatch/discard
Vulnerable sp
Fuel cons ? ? ?
Efficiency CPUE ? ?
?
Quality
Midwater trawlsPurse seine
Trap nets
Gillnets
Target species effects, selectivity
Habitat
Bycatch/discard
Vulnerable sp
Fuel cons
Efficiency CPUE
Quality
Flatfish Bottom trawlsDanish seine
Longline Gillnets
Target species effects, selectivity
Habitat
Bycatch/discard
Vulnerable sp
Fuel cons ?
Efficiency CPUE !
Quality
Salmonids Gillnet Trapnet Pontoon trap Pelagic longline
Target species effects, selectivity
Habitat
Bycatch/discard
Vulnerable sp
Fuel cons
Efficiency CPUE
Quality
Other measures
o Improved zonation of the Baltic Sea and adjusted fishing, •e.g. Environmentally Sound Fisheries Management in
Marine Protected Areas (EMPAS)•Seasonal closures / real time closures (moving on practices)•Close coastal waters for trawlers
o Environmental-impact assessment Allocate more fishing opportunities towards LIF(E) (25%)
Overlap of hotspot areas for undersized cod and areas commercially trawled for the first two quarters (a) and the last two quarters (b) of the year unpublished data from the LOT 1 project “Collaboration between the scientific community and the fishing sector to minimize discards in the Baltic cod fisheries”
Documents referred to in the presentationFAO (2012). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO, Rome, 2012.Korsgaard, K., Olrik, M. R. and P. Mandrup (2007). Fiskerilære, 2.udg., 2007. ISBN
87-90749-10-3.Seas At Risk (2009). Moving towards Low Impact Fisheries in Europe: Policy Hurdles
& Action. Report by Dr J. Gascoigne and E. Willsteed.Suuronen, P., Chopin, F., Glass, C., Løkkeborg, S., Matsushita, Y., Queirolo, D. and
Rihan, D. 2012. Low impact and fuel efficient fishing—looking beyond the horizon.Fisheries Research, 119–120: 135–146.
Tenningen, M., Vold, A., and Olsen, R.E. 2012. The response of herring to high crowding densities in purse-seines: survival and stress reaction. ICES Journal of Marine Science 69(8): 1523–1531.
Tschernij V, Suuronen P (2002) Improving trawl selectivity in the Baltic. Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord 2002, p 512
Valdemarsen, J.W., Øvredal, J.T. and Åsen, A., 2011. Ny semipelagisk trålkonstruksjon (CRIPS-trålen). Innledende forsøk i august-september 2011 om bord i M/S “Fangst”. Rapport fra Havforskningen Bergen, Norway, Institute of Marine Research. nr. 18: 17. in Norwegian
Vetemaa, M. and L. Ložys. 2009. Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu LIFE Nature project “Marine Protected Areas in the Eastern Baltic Sea”, Reference number: LIFE 05 NAT/LV/000100.
WWF (2007). Towards Low Impact Fisheries –WWF Report on how to mitigate ecosystem effects of fishing by Katja Broeg.
Žydelis R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M. and S. Garthe. 2009. By-catch in gillnets fisheries –
An overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biological Conservation 142: 1269–1281