Evidence for Asiatic Evidence for Asiatic Exploration of AmericaExploration of America

2,600 BC to 500 AD2,600 BC to 500 AD

Ancient Artifact Preservation Society (AAPS)Ancient Artifact Preservation Society (AAPS)

ByBy Karl Hoenke Karl HoenkeHoliday Inn, Marquette, MI Holiday Inn, Marquette, MI

25 October 200825 October 2008

April 13, 2023April 13, 2023 22

OverviewOverview

Introduce legendary ancient Chinese Introduce legendary ancient Chinese explorations of Americas explorations of Americas

Discuss corroborative lines of evidence Discuss corroborative lines of evidence supporting actuality of these explorations supporting actuality of these explorations

Identify potential weaknesses in the evidenceIdentify potential weaknesses in the evidence

Note: The present discussion focuses on events & influences prior to the Note: The present discussion focuses on events & influences prior to the “Treasure Ship” Explorations documented by Gavin Menzies in “Treasure Ship” Explorations documented by Gavin Menzies in 14211421

April 13, 2023April 13, 2023 33

Two Resources Documenting Ancient Two Resources Documenting Ancient Chinese Explorations in AmericaChinese Explorations in America

PALE INK

(1953)

describes four journeys of

exploration by Chinese sent to North America

ASIATIC FATHERS

(1973)

introduces the maps

those explorers

made and the 39 volume

Shan Hai Jing used in Chinese

schools for over 2,000

years.

April 13, 2023April 13, 2023 44

The Legends

Emperor Hwang-Ti (2,600 BC) sent astronomers Hsi & Emperor Hwang-Ti (2,600 BC) sent astronomers Hsi & Ho to Ho to Fu SangFu Sang to “observe the rising sun” to “observe the rising sun”• Note: Note: Fu SangFu Sang is is “Land to the East”,“Land to the East”, understood to be North America understood to be North America

Astronomer Yu & Prince Y to Astronomer Yu & Prince Y to Fu SangFu Sang 2,200 BC 2,200 BC

Hui Shan was sent, with Four Priests, to Hui Shan was sent, with Four Priests, to Fu SanFu San (458- (458-499 AD) to make celestial observations & proselytize 499 AD) to make celestial observations & proselytize BuddhismBuddhism

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What Kinds of Evidence Would One What Kinds of Evidence Would One Look for to Support these Claims?Look for to Support these Claims?

Records (documents, maps, stelae, etc)Records (documents, maps, stelae, etc) Genetics/DNAGenetics/DNA

ArtifactsArtifacts Customs/CultureCustoms/Culture Imports/Exports – Things out of PlaceImports/Exports – Things out of Place

Legends/MythsLegends/Myths LanguageLanguage TechnologiesTechnologies

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Brief Look at Records

Shan Hai Jing• Voyages of Exploration

2,600 B.CC. 2,240 B.C.

Voyage of Hui Shan 458 -- 499 A.D.

Maps

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Shan Hai JingShan Hai Jing"Classic of the Mountains and Seas""Classic of the Mountains and Seas"

Astronomers Yu & Y documented 2,200 BC Astronomers Yu & Y documented 2,200 BC journey to journey to Fu SangFu Sang in 39 vol. in 39 vol. Shan Hai JingShan Hai Jing

Shan Hai JingShan Hai Jing cited in Shang Dynasty (1831-1134 cited in Shang Dynasty (1831-1134 BC), 479 BC, Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD), 89 BC), 479 BC, Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD), 89 AD, 265 AD – etc. as standard Chinese textbookAD, 265 AD – etc. as standard Chinese textbook

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Voyage of Hui ShanVoyage of Hui Shan

Sent, with Four Priests, to Sent, with Four Priests, to Fu SangFu Sang (458-499 AD) (458-499 AD)• Objective was spread of BuddhismObjective was spread of Buddhism• He calibrated Chinese calendarHe calibrated Chinese calendar• Made celestial observations in “Great Luminous Made celestial observations in “Great Luminous

Canyon”Canyon” Returned in 499 AD with remarkable giftsReturned in 499 AD with remarkable gifts Described Described Fu SangFu Sang in detail & made additions to in detail & made additions to

Map(s) & Map(s) & Shan Hai JingShan Hai Jing

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RETURN????

To FU SANG

FU SANG

Proposed Routes to & from Fu Sang2,500 BC to 900 AD

Pt Hueneme

SE China

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MapsMaps 30 extant ancient Chinese World maps30 extant ancient Chinese World maps Oldest from Ming Dynasty (ruled 1368-1644 AD)Oldest from Ming Dynasty (ruled 1368-1644 AD) All presumed to be copies of much earlier All presumed to be copies of much earlier Shan Shan

Hai JingHai Jing map(s) map(s) Several maps give planet circumferance of 84,000 Several maps give planet circumferance of 84,000

li = ~27,000 miles (vs 24,901 miles accepted today)li = ~27,000 miles (vs 24,901 miles accepted today) Used lat/long grids very early; can be seen Used lat/long grids very early; can be seen

overlain on 1137 AD series of stone mapsoverlain on 1137 AD series of stone maps Correctly place Korea, Japan, Gulf of Mexico, Correctly place Korea, Japan, Gulf of Mexico,

Land of Women (who married men of Snake Clan Land of Women (who married men of Snake Clan = They married “Snakes”), etc etc= They married “Snakes”), etc etc

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Harris Map Dated to 1300sBased on much earlier Shan Hai Jing map

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Land of Beginning = Alaska?

Measuring Skies Mt = Denali?

Bright Chasm Mts = Grand Canyon?

Sweet Lake & Sweet Mts = Tahoe?

Land of Women = Matriarchal Hopi?Gulf of Mexico

Interpretations of Fu Sang Map Place Names

Entrance Country = SF Bay?

China—”Center of the World”

Korea

Japan

Perimeter of Surrounding Ocean

Hairy People Country = Alaska (Eskimos in furs?)

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4 journeys of Astronomer Yu & Prince Y, Shan Hai Jing (~2,240 B.C.)

Approximate Routes of Land Explorations

Hui Shan (458-499 A.D.)

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Washington

Oregon

California

Nevada

Interpretation of “SIERRA EAST” Route Landmarks

From Shan Hai Jing

Sea to North (Puget Sound) & White-Headed Bird (Bald Eagle)

Big-Headed Carp (Salmon)

Marsh

Precious Stones (Opal)

Trees with Red Veins (Manzanita)

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Haplotype B FrequenciesHaplotype B Frequencies

lower

higher

B from Coastal China source region

(Haplotype B is not present among Siberian peoples)

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Polynesian-Hawaiian LinkagePolynesian-Hawaiian Linkage

A C D

B

X

B

X

B

BB

X X

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Things Missing in AmericasThings Missing in Americas

The WheelThe Wheel Metallurgy (bronze, iron)Metallurgy (bronze, iron) HorsesHorses GlassGlass Monumental architectureMonumental architecture Does DNA support Hap-B arrival ~4,500 BP?Does DNA support Hap-B arrival ~4,500 BP?

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Hypotheses Proposed in Hypotheses Proposed in Pale InkPale Inkby Henriette Mertz (1953)by Henriette Mertz (1953)

Source of Zapotec, Maya, & Aztec calenders was AsianSource of Zapotec, Maya, & Aztec calenders was Asian Kwakiutl, Hopi, Navaho, Maya, Sioux, Pueblo, Kwakiutl, Hopi, Navaho, Maya, Sioux, Pueblo,

Shoshone, Mapuchis (& possibly Mogollon, Cochise, Shoshone, Mapuchis (& possibly Mogollon, Cochise, Zuni) are Zuni) are directdirect descendents of Chinese descendents of Chinese

Early Mexican glyphic writing was orientalEarly Mexican glyphic writing was oriental Weaving, ceramics, metallurgy, astromomy & Weaving, ceramics, metallurgy, astromomy &

mathematics also show oriental influencesmathematics also show oriental influences ““Great Luminous Canyon” (sought by scholars in Great Luminous Canyon” (sought by scholars in

China) is the Grand Canyon (found in America)China) is the Grand Canyon (found in America)

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DISCUSSION?DISCUSSION?

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Haplotype PathwaysHaplotype Pathways

A C D

B

X

B

XX

B

BX

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Conclusions from GeneticsConclusions from Genetics

Americas populated 18-30,000 BPAmericas populated 18-30,000 BP Many successive “waves” associated with Asian Many successive “waves” associated with Asian

gene pool(s)gene pool(s) Haplotype B is key “Chinese” characteristicHaplotype B is key “Chinese” characteristic• Haplotype B in North AmericaHaplotype B in North America• Haplotype B not observed across Bering land bridgeHaplotype B not observed across Bering land bridge• Carriers of Haplotype B bypassed the Bering StraitsCarriers of Haplotype B bypassed the Bering Straits

Contact with Asia 2-directional & ongoingContact with Asia 2-directional & ongoing

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References & Suggested ReadingReferences & Suggested Reading

Spread of BudhismSpread of Budhism• Documented by Li Yen Shau (early 7Documented by Li Yen Shau (early 7thth c) c) • Copied into Ma Twan Lin’s account (Copied into Ma Twan Lin’s account (Kuen 327Kuen 327) )

published in 1321 ADpublished in 1321 AD Pale Ink, Henrietta Mertz, 1953Pale Ink, Henrietta Mertz, 1953 The Asiatic Fathers of America, Hendon M. The Asiatic Fathers of America, Hendon M.

Harris, Jr., 1972Harris, Jr., 1972 Genetics Rewrites Pacific Prehistory, Peter Marsh, Genetics Rewrites Pacific Prehistory, Peter Marsh,

Ancient American,Ancient American, No. 68, No. 68, 1421, Gavin Menzies, 20051421, Gavin Menzies, 2005

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Supplemental Slides

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China—”Center of the World”

Korea

Japan

Perimeter of Surrounding Ocean

Tree in interior Fu Sang = Corn?

Fu Sang Mountains

Endless Blue Water = Atlantic Ocean?

Korea

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What Kinds of Evidence Would One What Kinds of Evidence Would One Look for to Support these Claims?Look for to Support these Claims?

Records (documents, maps, stelae, etc)Records (documents, maps, stelae, etc) Genetics/DNAGenetics/DNA

ArtifactsArtifacts Customs/CultureCustoms/Culture Imports/Exports – Things out of PlaceImports/Exports – Things out of Place

Legends/MythsLegends/Myths LanguageLanguage TechnologiesTechnologies

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Tang Dynasty Jade (618-907 AD) Tang Dynasty Jade (618-907 AD)

Or…...

American

Bison?

Water Buffalo?

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Chinese Customs in AmericasChinese Customs in Americas

Practice of altering head shape of royaltyPractice of altering head shape of royalty• Chinese custom from ~2,600 BCChinese custom from ~2,600 BC• Hwang-ti’s forehead “sloped like dragon’s”Hwang-ti’s forehead “sloped like dragon’s”• Korean Ch’en Han flattened heads of babies Korean Ch’en Han flattened heads of babies • Mayan (& other) royalty head shapesMayan (& other) royalty head shapes

Maya wore hair braided with bare spot burned on top, Maya wore hair braided with bare spot burned on top, similar to Chinesesimilar to Chinese

Maya have “Mongolian blue spot” at base of spineMaya have “Mongolian blue spot” at base of spine Successor to King waits 3 years to assume throneSuccessor to King waits 3 years to assume throne Mushroom stone form of ancestor worshipMushroom stone form of ancestor worship

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Things in Wrong PlacesThings in Wrong Places(Or, Evidence for Exchange)(Or, Evidence for Exchange)

Corn, tobacco & cochineal (red, lice-based dye) in Corn, tobacco & cochineal (red, lice-based dye) in China before ColumbusChina before Columbus

Bantam chickens in Americas (from India & Japan)Bantam chickens in Americas (from India & Japan) 300 lb of Mayan cloth300 lb of Mayan cloth Unburnable cloth of “fire rats” (asbestos?) Unburnable cloth of “fire rats” (asbestos?) Foot diameter concave obsidian mirrorFoot diameter concave obsidian mirror East/West hybridized cottonEast/West hybridized cotton Chinese Chinese quipuquipu (4,000 BC) found in Peru (4,000 BC) found in Peru Cache of c. 1,000 BC Chinese coins found near Cache of c. 1,000 BC Chinese coins found near

Victoria, B.C.Victoria, B.C.

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What Kinds of Evidence Would One What Kinds of Evidence Would One Look for to Support these Claims?Look for to Support these Claims?

Records (documents, maps, stelae, etc)Records (documents, maps, stelae, etc) Genetics/DNAGenetics/DNA

ArtifactsArtifacts Customs/CultureCustoms/Culture Imports/Exports – Things out of PlaceImports/Exports – Things out of Place

Legends/MythsLegends/Myths LanguageLanguage TechnologiesTechnologies

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Selected Linguistic SimilaritiesSelected Linguistic Similarities

ChinaChina Chih chaChih cha TopuTopu PurenPuren Lao maLao ma Wa WaWa Wa Shi-fongShi-fong Jo shun dee youJo shun dee you

Dah HuaDah Hua = “Great = “Great Chinese”Chinese”

Is “Is “GautamaGautama” ” BuddhaBuddha

AmericasAmericas ChichaChicha TipiTipi PuriPuri LlamaLlama Wa WaWa Wa Chi-kanChi-kan BolontikuBolontiku

NahhuatlNahhuatl invaded invaded YucatanYucatan

Place name Place name ““GuatamalaGuatamala”?”?

Ancient drinkLand given couple at marriageServants/Lower classesHui Shan reported a “horse”BabiesThe WestNine Gods of Hell

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Transportation & BoatsTransportation & Boats Japan Current well-known pathwayJapan Current well-known pathway

Knew latitude & longitude system at least by 1137 AD Knew latitude & longitude system at least by 1137 AD • Chinese had the compass by 2,600 BCChinese had the compass by 2,600 BC• Chinese skilled celestial observers, navigators Chinese skilled celestial observers, navigators

Archaeology shows 8,000 BP fishing villages in AleutiansArchaeology shows 8,000 BP fishing villages in Aleutians 3,000 year-old Chinese anchors found off Oregon and 3,000 year-old Chinese anchors found off Oregon and

Palos Verdes, CAPalos Verdes, CA Chinese had ships for 400 people by 412 ADChinese had ships for 400 people by 412 AD

Chinese-style boats appear in Peru before 1,500s ADChinese-style boats appear in Peru before 1,500s AD

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TechnologiesTechnologies Appearing in Americas Appearing in Americas

Trepanation (India Trepanation (India China China Peru ???) Peru ???) when???when??? Corbelled roof in Yucatan ~ 475 ADCorbelled roof in Yucatan ~ 475 AD Famous Mayan Calendar ~ 475 AD Famous Mayan Calendar ~ 475 AD date?date? Chichen Itza & Uxmal suddenly appear ~ 475 ADChichen Itza & Uxmal suddenly appear ~ 475 AD Extraordinary pyramid construction skillsExtraordinary pyramid construction skills Owens Valley Indians (California) had unusually Owens Valley Indians (California) had unusually

sophisticated irrigation system, unknown to neighborssophisticated irrigation system, unknown to neighbors

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What Kinds of Evidence Would One What Kinds of Evidence Would One Look for to Support these Claims?Look for to Support these Claims?

RecordsRecords ArtifactsArtifacts TechnologiesTechnologies Customs/CultureCustoms/Culture LanguageLanguage DNADNA Legends/MythsLegends/Myths Imports/Exports out of PlaceImports/Exports out of Place

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ConclusionsConclusions

Physical and genetic evidence for Chinese Physical and genetic evidence for Chinese presence in North America is strongpresence in North America is strong

Similar evidence in Asia to support exchange is Similar evidence in Asia to support exchange is relatively weakerrelatively weaker

The pathway to Fu Sang is logical as describedThe pathway to Fu Sang is logical as described The return path to China is not describedThe return path to China is not described