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Overview of what led to the French Revolution and the twists and turns of the revolution through Napol
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Absolutismand the
French Revolution
Liberty Leading the People
Birth of Absolutism in Europe
• religious wars: 1560s-90s, 1618-1648
• decline in church power
• desire for stability and prosperity
Divine Right
• (sort of) Euro version of the mandate from Heaven
• bypass the power of the church
• absolutism
Epitome of Absolutism:Louis XIV (1638-1715)
• becomes king at age....4!!!
• Cardinal Mazarin and the Fronde
• Louis assumes the position at age 23
• “the sun king”
• “L’état, c’est moi”
Louis XIV• relished his power
• big time hunter
• enjoyed fine clothes
• patron of the arts
• mercantilism
• tried to expand
• centralized power
Palace of Versailles
Ancién Regime = Old Regime
• “great chain of being”
• feudalism + estate system
• 1) Catholic Clergy (100,000 = <1% of pop)
• 2) Nobles (400,000 = approx. 2% of pop)
• 3) bourgeoisie + peasants (24.5 million = 97% of pop)
Cause #1: MASSIVE Debt
• Louis XIV (1643-1715): Versailles + Euro Wars
• Louis XV (1715-74) lost Seven Years War
• Louis XVI: supported American Rev. + “Madame Deficit”
Thanks Louuuieeee’s!!
Cause #1: MASSIVE Debt cont’d
• lack of tax revenue
• massive inflation consumer good increase 65%
• rent increases
Cause #2: Food Shortages
• population increases
• food shortages (1780s)
Cause #3: Enlightenment Ideas
• American Revolution
• Voltaire--freedom of speech
• Montesquieu--equal branches of gov
• Rousseau--natural rights; social contract
Cause #4: Royalty• No love for the royalty
• King Louis XVI
• Marie Antoinette
Attempts to quell dissent
• King has a meeting of the Estates General
• tax reform
• Tennis Court Oath
The Revolution Begins!
• Third Estate forms the National Assembly
• starts as a political movement
• new constitution: liberty, equality, fraternity
• the King’s reaction...
• rumors...
The peasants take over the revolution
• storming of the Bastille (July 14)
• the Great Fear!
• pitchforks to Versailles!
• noble’s response
The Lower Classes take over the revolution!
National Assembly’s Response
• abolish taxes on peasants
• move to end feudalism
• constitution: citizens instead of subjects
• Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen
• real changes
The Revolution Eats Its Young
• bon voyage Louis
• Robespierre and the CPS
• targets of the “republic of virtue”
• war against...everyone!
1793
50,000!
“I die
innocent!”
What did the revolution accomplish?
• Napoleon (1799-1814): legal codes, education, religion, BUT censorship, foreign wars and dictatorship
• Louis XVIII!!! (1814-1824): brother of Louis XVI
• monarchies up to 1870; Republic formed again