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Ch. 8 Africa
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How does climate and geography affect African society?
• http://www.phschool.com/atschool/worldhistory/audio_guided_tours/WH07A01702.swf
Geography
• 2nd largest continent in the world
• 1/5th of the Earth surface
• Shortest coastline in the world– How:
• plateau on coastline• Waterfalls• rapids
Environmental Challenges
• Deserts cover most of the continent – Sahara Desert
• Big as United States• Larger each year• Edge of desert called the Sahel
– Kalahari Desert • arid plateau region• Receives rainfall• Grazing and a little agriculture
are possible in certain areas.
•
Effects of Geography
• Long-term climate change will influence the social and agriculture throughout the region- 5,000 BC
• Through desertification the rich grassland turned into an barren desert
• Drove humans and animals to more arid areas
• Some go towards lake Chad and other towards the Nile
Namib Desert
Africa’s Savanna
• Most live in the savanna• Cover 40% of the
continent• Alternate hot with rainy • Topsoil very thin as a
result• Support agriculture
Great Rift Valley
• 3,000 miles long• Elevation ranges from
1,300 to 1,830• Surrounded by lakes
– Lake Victoria largest lake in Africa
• Suitable to sustain human life– Farming water
• First humans came from this area of the world
Humans Adopt to Environment
• Earliest Africans were nomadic hunters and gathers– Followed a food supply
• Travel in a small band of relatives
• Learned to domestic and raise animals for food
• Impact:– Growing own food
allowed a group of people settle in one location
– Leads to healthier life style– Increase birth rate – Increase art
• Jewelry • Pottery
– Governing bodies will develop
Bantu Migration• Group of people located in
the savanna of Africa• Shared a common language
cultural characteristics • Were farmers and herders
– Slash and burn farming technique caused them to move
• Push-pull factors will cause Bantu to migrate– Climate– Food– land
• Forced to migrate south – Why: population increased
no more land therefore migrated south to more land
• Culture diffusion will take place– Iron smelting
• Effects of migration– Drove other groups off
land– New culture created
Migration Patterns
Scramble for Africa
England’s Colonization
Why Africa???
• Industrial Revolution will cause the need for colonies – Why: 1. raw materials2. New markets
• Tin• Copper• Diamonds• timber
• Control a piece of land that has raw material the colonial power gets it for free
• Imperialism will start for the scramble of raw materials
List the motives behind European domination of Africa.
Rationalization
• Europeans felts they were better than the Africans – Racism
• Will apply social Darwinism – Those who were the
fittest enjoyed wealth and power
• Their right to bring progress to non-Europeans
Berlin Conference
Independence
• Nationalism and Pan-Africanism will plant the seeds for liberation of Africa
• Unifying Africans will end the colonial rule in Africa
• Some colonies will gain independence easily while others will fight a long war for independence
South Africa and Apartheid
• Blacks made up 75% of total population
• No political, economic or social equality
• Could not vote• Gov’t set aside 13 % of the
land for 75% population• Whites controlled the best
lands• Segregated school, public
facilities and neighborhoods
South Africa
• Colonial of Great Britain• Non-whites had few
educational and economic opportunities
• 1948 apartheid was passed by the minority white
• African National Congress (ANC) will fight against apartheid – Illegal political organization
• 1931 Great Britain will give South Africa its independence and the ANC is outlawed
Nelson Mandela
• Born 1918• Joined ANC 1960• Wanted to set up military
wing of the ANC• Arrested in 1962- 5 years
jail with hard labor • 1963 put on trial for
plotting to overthrow the government – Sentenced to life
imprisonment
F.W. de Klerk
• Goal was to transform South Africa and end isolationism– How: end apartheid
• Legalize ANC• Let Mandela out of jail• Revise apartheid laws• Wrote new constitution• Held free elections April
1994
End of Apartheid
• Nelson Mandela first black president of South Africa
• ANC won 63% of the vote in the national assembly– 252 out of 400 seats
Rwanda
• Two ethnic groups – Majority Hutu
• farmers
– Minority Tutsis• Land owners/aristocrats
• Two groups follow the same traditions and language
• Belgians were the colonial ruler of Rwanda
• Belgians considered the Tutsis to be superior– Why: were rich and educated
• Belgians left and Hutu took power
• Tutsi refugees were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
• Aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and return to their homeland
Problem
• April – June 2006 80,000 Tutsis and Hutu were killed– Mostly Tutsis
• Why: President Juvenal Habyarimana’s plane, a Hutu, was shot down
• Shot down by an Tutsis rebel group
Mass Murder
• Opposition was murdered by the Hutu– Tutsi and moderate Hutu
• Hutu civilians were involved– Hutu military officials
promised land, money and food
• UN did nothing• France, Belgium and US
were criticized for doing nothing to the Hutu regime
• Worst genocide of the 1990s
After Math
• A multi-ethnic government was set up, with a Hutu, Pasteur Bizimungu as president and Mr Kagame as his deputy– FAILED:
• Bizimungu was charged with inciting ethnic violence
• Kagame became president
• Invaded the Republic og Congo – Why: to get rid of the
Tutsis who fled to the Congo
Somalia • Independence from Great
Britain 1960• 2009 Population 9.8 million• Official religion- Islam • 37.8% literate• Presently: NO working
government 1991• Safe haven for Islamic militants • Regions controlled by warlords • Economy OK
– Why: export livestock– Accounts from 50% of exports
1992
• Worst drought in their history– Killed 300,000 people
• US troops went in to protect the delivery of food in December
• US will pull put when a warlord drag US soldiers bodies through the street
• UN troops will take over relief efforts
2006• Worst outbreak of violence in 10
years• Islamist militias, Somali Islamic
Courts Council (SICC), seized control of the capital, Mogadishu
• Ethiopia felt threatened by the group so ground troops were sent in
• A week later most of the Islamists forced to flee the country
• Ethiopia announced that its troops would remain in the
Somalia Pirates
• Threat to international shipping since 1990s
• 2008, received $150 million in ransom
• 2008 UN Security Council told nations to apply force when necessary
• Take ship get back to Somalia strong hold and ransom the ship cargo to owner
• Why:– Young men are drawn to
piracy in order to provide for their families
Darfur, Sudan
Conflict
• Conflict – land– access to water – raiding of cattle
• Why: – drought
• Increased need for water and grazing
– desertification • Sahara getting bigger
– modern weapons
Sudan
• North is Arab• South is animism and
Christian– Black Africans – Comprised of 80 tribes
• Fighting over grazing/ land• 2003 Sudan Liberation
Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) began attacking government targets
• Factious group formed from the two to form the Janjaweed
Rebel Groups• Sudanese Liberation
Army/Movement (SLA/SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) started the rebellion to get Khartoum to spend money on the development of the area
• Janjaweed are backed by the government to suppress to two rebel groups
• Government does not have control of the rebel group Janjaweed
• Cannot get all three groups to the table to make pace
• Attack villages, slaughtering men, raping women and stealing
• Genocide is taking place along with crimes against humanity – arrest warrant for
President Bashi
The People
• 2.7 million have fled their homes
• 200,000 have fled to Chad
• 300,000 people have died • African Union has 7,000
peace keepers• UN Security Council has
passed resolutions – Have not worked
Problems of Africa
Problem 1: Political • New African leaders were
inexperienced – Government can’t fix
problems so the military comes in
• Military dictatorships will rule the countries
Problem 2: Ethnic Violence• National boundaries were
redrawn after colonial powers left
• The boundaries drawn by the colonial ruler took into no consideration different ethnic backgrounds
Problems of Africa
Problem 3: Economic • Depend on a signal cash
crop or mineral to export– Ghana- cocoa – Nigeria- oil
• When the world market price for a signal cash crop falls the whole economy of the country suffers
Nigeria and Oil • Oil in 1975 accounted for
75% of Nigeria’s export • 1980s oil prices dropped
effecting Nigeria economy • Faltering economy the
military takes over
Problems of Africa
Problem 4: Environment • Had to over plant to grow
food for population • Over planting an area
caused that area’s topsoil to be blown away by winds
• This resulted in desertification
Problem 5: Disease • 1995 deadly Ebola virus
spread in Zaire – Government had to close
boarders to halt the spread of the disease
• 1970 and 1980s the spread of aids spread quickly through regions of Africa