1

]mTy-]-²-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]mT-y- {I-a-¯n-sâbpw Bh-i-y-IX þ

C¶-se, C¶v

X¿6¼d6¼¡n¼bXv

kua-y. hn. Fkv

aebmfw

hnIvSdn _n. F.Uv tImtfPv

Hme-̄ m¶n

2

]mTy-]-²-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]mT-y- {I-a-¯n-sâbp Bh-i-y-IX þ

C¶-se, C¶v

]mT-y-]-²Xn

]mT-y-]-²Xn F¶Xv ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp kmaq-lnI tcJ-bm-Wv. ]T\ t_m[-\-{]-{In-b-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sN¿-s -̧tS­ Bi -b-§-fp-sSbpw aqe-y-§-fp-sSbpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw BsI-¯p-I-bmWv ]mT-y-]-²Xn F¶p ]d-bmw. `mjm-]-T-\-¯n `mjm kn²n-IÄ ]Tn-Xm-hn-te¡v ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ am[-y-a-ambn ]mT-y-]-²-Xnsb ImWmw. CXv F{X-am{Xw {i²-tbm-sS, imkv{Xn-bm-h-t_m-[-t¯msS, hnZ-ym-`-ymk XX-z-§-fpsS ]n³_-e-t¯msS cq]-h¡-cn-¡p-¶pthm A{X-am{Xw Imc-y-£-a-am-Ipw. ]mTy ]²Xn ZoÀL-amb Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n\p th­n ka-{K-ambn cq]-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.

3

GsXmcp hnj-b-¯n-sâbpw ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bn-se-t¸m-se, ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ]mT-y-]-²-Xnbpw Xmc-X-ta-y\ ZoÀL-amb Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n-\p-th­n ka-{K-ambn cq]-s -̧Sp-¯p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. `mjm-]-T-\-¯n-\pÅ ]²Xn X¿m-dm-¡p-t¼mÄ `mj-sb- -̧änbpw `mjm-]-T-\-s¯- -̧änbpw DÅ \qX-\-amb ZÀi-\-§fpw kn²m-´-§fpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨mWv ]T-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw AXn-eqsS ssIh-cn-t¡­ ]T-\m-\p-`-h-§Ä DÄs -̧Sp-¯p-¶-sX¶ Imc-yhpw HmÀ¡-Ww.

]mT-y-{Iaw

]mT-y-]-²-Xnsb Hcp {]hÀ¯\ tcJ-bm¡n Fgp-Xn-bp-­m-¡p-¶-XmWv ]mT-y-{I-aw. Hcp {]tX-yI Ime-L-«-¯n DÄs¸« Hmtcm ¢mkn-te¡pw Hmtcmtcm ka-b¯p \ÂIm-hp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS hym]vXn \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ cq]-tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv. AXm-bXv ka-{K-ambn kam-l-cn¨v hnI-k\ amä-§Ä Hmtcmtcm \ne-hm-c-¯n-epÅ ]Tn-Xm-¡-fn-te¡v ]IÀ¶p sImSp-¡p-¶Xpw hfsc {i²bpw {]b-Xv\hpw th­ {]hr-¯n-I-fm-Wv. AXn-\mbn ]mT-y-]-²-Xnsb kq£va-ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡-Ww. Hcp taJ-e-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« GtXXp {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä, Ft¸mÄ F§s\ ]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`-y-am-¡-W-sa¶v And-bp-

4

¶Xpw Cu A]-{K-Y\ ^e-am-bm-Wv. C§s\ ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bnse Awi-§Ä¡v Hcp {]hÀ¯\ {Iaw Is­ -¯mw. C¯cw {]hÀ¯\ {Ia-¯nsâ tcJ-bmWv ]mT-y-{I-aw.

]mT-y-{Iaw Fgp-Xn-bp-­m-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv GXp \ne-hm-c-¯n-epÅ ]Tn-Xm-¡Ä¡mtWm Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xv AXn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn-bn DÅ-S-¡hpw AXnsâ hym-]vXnbpw \nÀ®-bn-¡-Ww. ]mT-y-{I-a-¯nsâ \nÀ½n-Xn-bn kzo-I-cn-¡p¶ hy-X-ykvX kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fp-­v. Ah -bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv AXv Xbm-dm-¡p-I.

\ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ Icn-¡pew

hfsc ]g-¡-apÅ Hcp Icn-¡p-e-am-bn-cp¶p \ne-hn-en-cp-¶-Xv. CS-bv¡nsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä ]cn-jvI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶-ÃmsX ]mT-y-]-²Xn NÀ¨m-hn-j-bta Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. A[-ym-]I tI{µo-Ir-X-amb Hcp ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bmWv \ne-hn-en-cp-¶-Xv. Ip«n ]Tn-t¡-­-sXÃmw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯n-ep-s­¶pw Ah ]Tn-¸n-¡p¶ D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w A[-ym-]-I-\p-s­-¶papÅ [mc-W-bmWv \ne-hn-en-cp-¶-Xv. HmÀjn-I-¸-co-£-bn-eqsS Ip«n

5

Fs´ms¡ ]Tn¨p F¶p Is­¯n ¢mkv Ibäw \ÂIp-¶p. hnÚm-\-̄ nsâ hnX-c-W-¡m-c\pw A\p- -̀h-§-fpsS hym-J-ym-Xmhpw F¶ \ne-bn A[-ym-]-I\v kÀthm-¶-X-amb Hcp ]Z-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p D­m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ip«n-IÄ¡v hnÚm\w ]IÀ¶p \ÂIp¶ häm¯ hnÚm\ t{kmX-km-bn-cp¶p ]gb Ime v̄ A[-ym-]-I³.

Dt±-i-ym-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w

ap³Iq«n \nÀW-bn-¡-s¸« t_m[-t\m-t±-i-y-§sf Bkv]-Z-am¡n ]mT-y-]-²-Xn, t_m[-\-co-Xn-IÄ, aqe-y-\nÀW-tbm-]m-[n-IÄ XpS-§nb hnZ-ym- -̀ymk LS-I-§-sfÃmw kÖ-am-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv. Dt±-i-y-§-fmWv C¯cw ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bnse ASn-Øm-\w.

6

`mjm ]mT-y-]-²Xn Ah-i-y-]-T\ \ne-hm-c-̄ n {]m]vXn hnI-k\w

tI{µ a\p-j-y-hn-I-k\ a{´mebw apt¶m-«p-h¨v 1994 Pq¬ apX tIc-f¯n sXcsªSp-¡-s¸« kvIqfp-Ifn \S¸m¡n h¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. ap³Iq«n \nÝ-bn-¡s¸« ]T\ \ne-hmcw FÃm hnZ-ymÀ¯n-Ifpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bmWv Cu ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bpsS ImXÂ. kzbw ]T-\-̄ n\v Ip«n-Isf {]m]vX-cm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw Cu ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£-y-am-Wv.

Un.-]n.-C.]n

]T-\¯nsâ FÃm Xe-§-fnepw ]pXn-sbmcp kao-]-\-amWv Un.-]n.-C.]n kzo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. `mj-bpsS Imc-y-¯n Nne e£-y-§fpw Dt±-i-y-§fpw \n]pW \ne-hm-c-¯n BÀÖn-¡p-I-bmWv th­-Xv. C¯cw kao-]-\-̄ n-eqsS `mj ]Tn-¸n¨p sImSp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw `mj {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ip«n-IÄ¡v [mcmfw Ah-k-c-§Ä Hcp-¡n-s¡mSp¡pI-bmWv th­-Xv.

7

Fkv. Fkv. F

]pXnb Icn-¡p-e-̄ nsâ Gähpw henb khn-ti-j-X-bmWv CXv. inip tI{µo-Ir-Xhpw {]m]vX-y-[n-jvTn-Xhpw {]hr-X-y-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amWv F¶Xv DZv{K-YnX kao-]\w kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p F¶Xv FSp¯p ]d-tb­ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

iniptI{µo-IrX kao-]\w

hnZ-ym- -̀ym-k-̄ n-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-hn A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb hÀ¯\hy-Xn-bm-\-§fp­m-I-Ww. ]Tn-Xm-hn-epÅ Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-¸n-s -̈Sp-¡m-\pÅ Ah-kcw ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-²Xn {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p. inip-hn-epÅ A´Àeo-\-amb Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-¸n-¡m³ th­ Ah -k-c-§Ä Hcp-¡p-I-bmWv Cu ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bn-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.

8

{]m]vX-y-[njvTnX kao]\w

]pkvX-I-̄ n \n¶p ]IÀ¶p In«p¶ hnh-c-§Ä HmÀ½-bn kq£n¨p hbv¡p-¶-Xà ]T-\w. ]Icw hnZ-ym- -̀ymk {]{In-b-bn-eqsS Ip«n {]m]vXn-IÄ BÀPn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. ap³Iq«n Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸« {]m]vXn-IÄ {]mho-W-y-\n-e-hm-c-̄ n BÀPn-¡-Ww. CXn-\pÅ Hcp D]-I-cWw am{X-amWv ]mT-]p-kvX-IÄ.

{]hr-X-y-[njvTnX kao-]\w

P· kn²-ambn e`n-¡p¶ `mj Pohn-X-¯nse bYmÀY kµÀ -̀§-fn {]tbm-Kn-¡m-\pÅ ]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-I-bmWv hnZ-ym- -̀ym-k-̄ n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. GXv kml-N-c-y-s¯bpw kss[-cyw t\cn-Sm³ `mjm ss\]p-Wn-IÄ {]mho-Wy \ne-hm-c-¯n BÀPn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bpsS e£-yw.

9

{]iv\m-[njvTnX kao-]\w

]T\w Hcn kmaq-lnI {]{In-b-bm-Wv. ]T-\-̄ n\v kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡m-\m-hpw. kmaq-lnI amäw e£-y-an-Sp¶ ]T\w tIc-f-¯nse Nne {]iv\-§Ä Is­-¯p-¶p. hnhn[ PohnX aWvU-e-§-fn A\p- -̀h-s¸-Sp¶ {]iv\-§sf imkv{Xo-b-ambn F§s\ kao-]n-¡m-sa-¶-Xnsâ coXn-bmWv ChnsS ]Tn-Xm-hn\v hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

kvss]d kao-]-\w DZv{K-YnX kao]\w XpS-§n-b-hbpw ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-²-Xn-bpsS {]tX-y-I-X-I-fm-Wv.

10

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

amXr-`m-jm-t_m-[\w þ Ccn-©bw chn

amXr-`mjm ]T\w kao-]-\hpw {]tbm-K-hpw þ Ccn-©bw chn

A[-ym-]I klmbn (a-e-bmfw þ ¢mkv 9)