1. FUNDAMENTALS OFENGLISHGRAMMARThird EditionWORKBOOKlongman.comBetty Schrampfer Azarwith Stacy Hagen

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Fundamentals of English Grammar, Third EditionWorkbookCopyright 2003, 1992, 1985 by Betty Schrampfer AzarAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior permission of the publisher.Azar AssociatesShelley Hartle, EditorSusan Van Etten, ManagerPearson Education, 10 Bank Street,White Plains, NY 10606Vice president of instructional design: Allen AscherEditorial manager: Pam FishmanProject manager: Margo GrantDevelopment editor: Janet JohnstonVice president, director of design and production: Rhea BankerDirector of electronic production: Aliza GreenblattExecutive managing editor: Linda MoserProduction manager: Ray KeatingProduction editor: Robert RuvoDirector of manufacturing: Patrice FraccioSenior manufacturing buyer: Edie PullmanCover design: Monika PopowitzIllustrations: Don MartinettiText composition: Carlisle Communications, Ltd.Text font: 10.5/12 PlantinISBN: 0-13-013633-6Printed in the United States ofAmerica5 6 7 8 9 lo-CRK--06 05 ( Fort/Da) || http://yanko.lib.ru 3. Preface xvChapter 1 PRESENT TIMEPRACTICES1. Interview questions and answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Present verbs 23. Forms of the simple present 24. Forms of the present progressive 35. Present verbs: questions 36. Present verbs: questions 47. Simple present 48. Simple present and present progressive 59. Simple present 510. Simple present and present progressive 611. Frequency adverbs 712. Frequency adverbs 713. Frequency adverbs 814. Frequency adverbs 815. Frequency adverbs 916. Simple present: final -st-es 1017. Simple present: final -sl-es 1118. Pronunciation: final-s/-es 1119. Pronunciation: final-s/-es 1220. Spelling: final -s/-es 1221. Non-action verbs 1222. Simple present and present progressive 1323. Simple present and present progressive 1424. Error analysis 1525. Present verbs: questions and short answers 1526. Review: present verbs 16Chapter 2 PAST TIME1. Simple past 182. Simple past: regular and irregular verbs 193. Simple past forms 19iii 4. PRACTICES4. Present and past negatives 205. Simple past: questions 216. Simple past: questions 217. Simple past: regular and irregular verbs 228. Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 239. Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 2310. Spelling and pronunciation of -ed endings 2311. Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 2412. Spelling of -ing and -ed forms 2413. Spelling of -ing 2514. Spelling of -ing and -ed 2515. Spelling of -ing 2616. Spelling of irregular verbs 2717. Irregular verbs 2818. Irregular verbs 2919. Review: past questions and negatives 3020. Simple present and past: questions 3121. Review: simple present, present progressive, simple past forms 3222. Simple present and simple past 3223. Past progressive 3424. Past progressive 3425. Past progressive vs. simple past 3526. Past time using time clauses 3627. Past verbs 3728. Past habit with used to 3929. Error analysis 4030. Past verbs 41Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME1. Present, past, and future 432. Will and be going to 443. Be going to 444. Will 445. Questions with will and be going to : 456. Will 467. Will probably 468. Will probably 479. Sureness about the future 4710. Sureness about the future 4811. Will 4912. Be going to vs, will 4913. Be going to vs. will 5014. Past and future time clauses 5215. Future time clauses 5216. .(f--clauses 5317. Time clauses and if-clauses 5418. Review: past and future 54iv CONTENTS 5. PRACTICES19. Using be going to and the present progressive to express future time 5620. Using the present progressive to express future time 5621. Using the simple present to express future time 5822. Using be about to 5923. Parallel verbs 5924. Error analysis 6025. Verb tense review 61Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT1. Forms of the present perfect 642. The present perfect 653. Review: irregular verbs 664. The present perfect 675. The present perfect vs. the simple past 686. Review: irregular verbs 687. The present perfect vs. the simple past 708. Review: irregular verbs 719. Since vs.for '., 7310. Present perfect with since andfor 7411. Present perfect and simple past with time words 7412. Since-clauses 7513. The present perfect progressive 7514. The present perfect progressive 7615. Already, still, yet, anymore 7716. Already, still, yet, anymore 7817. Verb tense review 7918. The present perfect vs. the past perfect 8019. The past progressive vs. the past perfect 8120. The past perfect 8221. Verb tense review 8322. Error analysis 84Chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS1. Preview: asking questions 852. Yes/no questions 863. Yes/no questions and short answers 874. Yes/no questions and short answers 885. Yes/no questions and short answers 896. Yes/no and information questions 897. Information questions 908. Information questions 919. Information questions with why 9210. Who, oshotrn), and what 9311. Who, ushotrn), and what 9412. Asking for the meaning of a word 9513. What + a form of do 95Contents v 6. PRACTICES14. lJ'hat kind of 9615. lJ'hich vs. what 9716. lJ'ho vs. whose 9817. lJ'ho vs. whose 9918. Using how 9919. Using hous far, how long, and how often 10020. Cumulative review 10121. Cumulative review 10222. Tag questions 10323. Tag questions 10424. Error analysis 10525. Review: questions 106Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS1. Preview: plural nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1082. Pronunciation of -sl-es 1083. Pronunciation of -s/-es 1084. Pronunciation of -sl-es 1095. Plural nouns 1096. Plural nouns 1107. Subjects, verbs, and objects 1118. Objects of prepositions 1119. Subjects, verbs, objects, and prepositions 11210. Prepositions of time 11211. Word order: object, place, and time 11312. Subject-verb agreement 11413. Subject-verb agreement 11414. Adjectives 11415. Adjectives and nouns 11516. Nouns as adjectives 11617. Review: nouns 11718. Personal pronouns 11819. Personal pronouns 11820. Personal pronouns - 11921. Possessive nouns 12022. Possessive nouns 12023. Possessive pronouns vs. possessive adjectives 12224. Possessive pronouns vs. possessive adjectives ' 12225. Reflexive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12326. Reflexive pronouns 12427. Review: pronouns 12528. Review: pronouns 12529. Singular forms of other 12630. Singular forms of other 12731. Plural forms of other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12832. Summary: forms of other 12933. Cumulative review 13034. Cumulative review 130vi CONTENTS 7. Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIESPRACTICES1. Preview: modal auxiliaries 1322. The form of modal auxiliaries 1333. Expressing ability 1344. Expressing ability and possibility 1345. Expressing possibility 1356. Expressing possibility and permission 1357. Meanings of could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1368. Polite questions 1379. Polite questions 13710. Expressing advice 13811. Expressing advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13812. Expressing advice 13913. Expressing necessity 14014. Expressing necessity 14015. Necessity: must, have to, have got to 14116. Necessity: must, have to, have got to 14117. Expressing lack of necessity and prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14118. Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition 14319. Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14320. Logical conclusion or necessity 14421. Imperative sentences 14422. Polite questions and imperatives 14523. Let's and why don't 14524. Stating preferences 14625. Stating preferences 14726. Cumulative review 14827. Cumulative review 14928. Cumulative review 150Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS1. Connecting ideas with and 1522. Punctuating items connected with and 1533. Punctuating sentences 1534. Punctuating sentences 1545. Using and, but, and or 1546. Using and, but, or, and so 1557. Using and, but, or, and so 1558. Using and, but, or, and so 1569. Using and, but, or, and so 15610. Using and, but, or, and so 15711. Using auxiliary verbs after but and and 15712. Auxiliary verbs after but and and 15813. Using too, so, either, or neither after and 16014. Adverb clauses with because 16115. Adverb clauses with because 16116. Adverb clauses with because 161Contents vii 8. PRACTICES17. Adverb clauses with because 16218. Adverb clauses with even though and although 16319. Using because and even though 16420. Adverb clauses with because 16521. Using even though / although and because 16622. Error analysis 168Chapter 9 COMPARISONS1. As as 1692. As as 1693. As as 1704. As as 1725. As as 1726. Comparative and superlative forms 1747. Comparative forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1748. Comparatives 1759. Comparatives and superlatives 17610. Farther and further 17611. Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative 17712. Completing a comparative 17713. Completing comparisons with pronouns 17814. Ji?ry vs. a lot / much / far 17915. Not as as and less than 17916. Unclear comparisons 18017. Using more with nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18018. Repeating a comparative 18119. Double comparatives 18120. Double comparatives 18221. Using superlatives 18322. Using superlatives 18323. As as, morel-er, and rnostl-est 18424. Using never with comparatives 18625. Using ever and never in comparisons .' 18626. Review of comparatives and superlatives - 18727. Review of comparatives and superlatives 18828. Like, alike 18929. The same as, similar to, different from 19030. Like, alike, similar (to), different (from) 19031. The same, similar, different, like, alike 19132. Error analysis 192Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE1. Active vs. passive 1932. Active vs. passive 1933. Review of past participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944. Passive form 1945. Passive vs, active meaning 195viii CONTENTS 9. PRACTICES6. Tense forms of the passive 1967. Passive to active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978. Passive to active 1979. Transitive vs. intransitive 19810. Active and passive 19811. Review: identifying passives with transitive and intransitive verbs 19912. The by-phrase 19913. The by-phrase 20014. Active to passive 20015. Review: active vs. passive 20116. Progressive tenses in passive 20117. Passive forms of progressive verbs 20218. Passive forms of progressive verbs 20319. Review: active vs. passive 20320. Passive modals 20421. Passive modals 20422. Passive modals 20523. Summary: active vs. passive 20524. Summary: active vs, passive 20625. Summary: active vs. passive 20726. Using past participles as adjectives 20727. Using past participles as adjectives 20828. -Ed vs. -ing 20929. -Ed vs. -ing 20930. -Edvs. -ing , 21131. -Edvs. -ing 21132. Get + adjective and past participle 21233. Get + adjective and past participle 21334. Be used / accustomed to 21435. Used to vs, be used to 21436. Used to vs. be used to 21537. Be supposed to 21538. Be supposed to 21639. Error analysis 217Chapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES1. A vs. an: singular count nouns 2182. Preview: count and noncount nouns 2183. Count and noncount nouns 2194. Count and noncount nouns 2205. Countandnoncountnouns 2206. Count and noncount nouns 2217. Many vs. much 2228. How many and how much 2239. Review: count and noncount nouns 22410. A few vs. a little 22411. Error analysis 22512. Count and noncount nouns 225Contents ix 10. PRACTICES13. Units of measure with noncount nouns 22614. Units of measure with noncount nouns 22715. Much vs. Inany 22716. A/an vs. some 22817. A vs. some 22818. A/an vs. the: singular count nouns 22919. 0 vs. the 23020. Using the for second mention 23121. Using the for second mention 23322. Summary: a/an vs. the vs. 0 23423. Using the or 0 with names 23624. Using the or 0 with names 23725. Capitalization 23826. Capitalization 23827. Error analysis 239Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES1. Using who in adjective clauses 2402. Using who in adjective clauses 2413. Using who and ushorn in adjective clauses 2414. Using who and ushorn in adjective clauses 2425. Using who and oshotrn) in adjective clauses 2426. Using that or 0 in adjective clauses 2437. Using that or 0 in adjective clauses 2438. Using who, ushotrn), that, or 0 in adjective clauses 2449. Who and ushotrn) vs. which 24510. Adjective clauses 24511. Which and that 24612. Using which, that, and 0 in adjective clauses 24613. Error analysis: object pronouns in adjective clauses 24714. Pronoun usage in adjective clauses 24715. Subject-verb agreement in adjective clauses 24816. Prepositions in adjective clauses 24917. Prepositions in adjective clauses : 25018. Prepositions in adjective clauses 25019. Adjective clauses with whose 25120. Adjective clauses with whose 25121. Meaning of adjective clauses 25222. Adjective clauses 25323. Adjective clauses 25324. Error analysis 254Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES1. Verb + gerund 2562. Go + gerund 2563. Identifying gerunds and infinitives 257X CONTENTS 11. PRACTICES4. Gerunds and infinitives 2585. Verb + gerund vs. infinitive 2586. Verb + gerund or infinitive 2607. Verb + gerund or infinitive 2618. Preposition + gerund 2629. Preposition + gerund 26310. Review: gerund vs. infinitive 26411. Review: gerund vs. infinitive 26512. Review: gerund vs. infinitive 26513. By + gerund 26714. By + gerund 26815. By vs. with 26816. Gerund as subject; it + infinitive 26917. Purpose: to vs.for 27018. Purpose: to vs.for 27119. Purpose: to vs.for 27120. (In order) to 27121. Too vs. enough 27222. Too vs. enough 27323. Gerund vs. infinitive 27324. Gerund vs. infinitive 27425. Error analysis 276Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES1. Information questions and noun clauses 2782. Noun clauses 2783. Information questions and noun clauses 2794. Information questions and noun clauses 2795. Noun clauses 2816. Information questions and noun clauses 2817. Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be 2828. Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be 2829. Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be 28310. Noun clauses with who, what, whose + be 28311. Noun clauses and yes/no questions 28412. Noun clauses and yes/no questions 28513. Noun clauses 28514. Noun clauses 28615. That-clauses 28716. That-clauses 28817. That-clauses 28918. That-clauses 29019. That-clauses 29020. Quoted speech 29121. Quoted speech 29122. Quoted speech 29223. Quoted speech 293Contents xi 12. PRACTICES24. Reported speech: changing pronouns 29325. Reported speech: changing verbs 29426. Reported speech 29527. Reporting questions 29628. Quotingquestions 29629. Reporting questions 29730. Reported speech 29831. Say vs. tell vs. ask 29932. Reported speech 29933. Reported speech 30034. Reported speech 30035. Reported speech 30236. Error analysis 303Appendix 1 PHRASAL VERBS1. Phrasal verbs: separable (Group A) 3052. Phrasal verbs: separable (Group A) 3063. Phrasal verbs: nonseparable (Group B) 3074. Phrasal verbs: nonseparable (Group B) 3085. Phrasal verbs: separable (Group C) 3086. Phrasal verbs: separable (Groups A, B, C) 3097. Phrasal verbs: separable (Group D) 3108. Phrasal verbs: separable and nonseparable (Groups A, B, C, D) 3119. Phrasal verbs: separable (Group E) 31210. Phrasal verbs: separable (Group E) 31311. Phrasal verbs: intransitive (Group F) 31412. Phrasal verbs: intransitive (Group F) 31613. Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group G) 31614. Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group G) 31715. Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group H) 31716. Phrasal verbs (three-word) (Group H) '," 31817. Review: phrasal verbs (Appendix 1) 319Appendix 2 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS1. Preposition combinations (Group A) 3212. Preposition combinations (Group A) 3223. Preposition combinations (Group B) 3224. Preposition combinations (Group B) 3235. Preposition combinations (Group C) 3236. Review: preposition combinations (Groups A and C) 3247. Preposition combinations (Group D) 3258. Preposition combinations (Groups B and D) 3269. Preposition combinations (Group E) 32610. Preposition combinations (Group E) 32711. Preposition combinations (Group F) 32712. Preposition combinations (Group F) 328xii CONTENTS 13. PRACTICES13. Preposition combinations (Group G) 32914. Preposition combinations (Group G) 33015. Review: preposition combinations (Appendix 2) 33116. Review: preposition combinations (Appendix 2) 331INDEX INDEX 1ANSWER KEY ANSWER KEY 1Contents xiii 14. ( Fort/Da) || http://yanko.lib.ru 15. PrefaceThis ESL/EFL Wbrkbook is a place for students to explore and practice English grammaron their own. It is a place where they can test and fine-tune their understandings of Englishstructures and improve their abilities to use English meaningfully and correctly.It is keyed to the explanatory grammar charts found in Fundamentals of English Grammar,Third Edition, a classroom teaching text for students of English as a second or foreignlanguage, as well as in the accompanying Chartbook, a reference grammar with no exercises.The Wbrkbook is designed not only for students who desire the opportunity forindependent study of English grammar but also as a resource for teachers who need exercisematerial for additional classwork, homework, testing, or individualized instruction.The answers to ALL of the practices are given in the back of the book in an Answer Key.The Answer Key is on perforated pages so that it can be detached to construct a separatebooklet. If teachers desire to use the Wbrkbook as a classroom teaching text, the Answer Keycan be removed at the beginning of the term.A note on changes from the previous edition: The Wbrkbook that accompanied theprevious edition of Fundamentals of English Grammar had both self-study (answers given) andguided study (no answers given) practices. This Wbrkbook has only self-study practices. Theguided study practices that involved communicative, interactive, and/or task-based activitiesare now in the main teaching text, and other guided study practices from the previous editionhave been adapted to a self-study format in this edition. A good portion of the material inthis edition of the PEG Wbrkbook is newly created.xv 16. ( Fort/Da) || http://yanko.lib.ru 17. CHAPTER]Present Time PRACTICE 10. Simple present and present progressive. (Charts 1-1 and 1-2)Directions: Complete the sentences with does, do, is, are, or 0.is______ a male mosquito bite?5. No, male mosquitoes not bite.6. Only female mosquitoes bite animals and people.7. A female mosquito lays 1000 to 3000 eggs each year.wearing mosquitorepellent.14. The mosquito repellent smells bad, but it works.15. The mosquito repellent effective.16. Mosquitoes stay away from people who wearing mosquitorepellent.17.18.6 CHAPTER 1______ you ever wear mosquito repellent?______ mosquito repellent work? 23. o PRACTICE 11. Frequency adverbs. (Chart 1-3)Directions: Add the word in italics to the sentences. Put the word in its usual midsentence position.Write () if no word is needed in a blank.1. usually Ann I.S1.",1Y stays ~ at night.I2. usually Ann ~ is !.s"",1y at home at night.I3. always Bob stays home in the evening.4. always He is at his desk in the evening.5. usually He doesn't go out in the evenings.6. always But he doesn't study every evening.7. sometimes He watches a little TV.8. never He stays up past midnight.9. never He is up past midnight.10. usually Does Ann study at night?11. always Does Bob study at night?12. always Is Bob at home at night?o PRACTICE 12. Frequency adverbs. (Chart 1-3)Directions: Add the given words to the sentence. Put the adverbs in their usual midsentenceposition. Change the verb from negative to affirmative (i.e. statement form) as necessary._________________ to class on time.----------------- to class on time.----------------- to class on time._________________ to class on time._________________ to class on time.----------------- on time for class._________________ on time for class._________________ on time for class.----------------- on time for class.----------------- on time for class._________________ on time for class.Present Time 7 24. PRACTICE 13. Frequency adverbs. (Chart 1-3)Directions: Use the given information to complete the sentences. Use a frequency adverb for eachsentence.Kim's Day S M T W Th F S1. wake up late X X X X X X X2. skip breakfast X X X3. visit friends X X X X X4. be on time for class X X X X5. surf the Internet X6. talk on the phone X X X X X X7. do homework X X8. be in bed early1. Kim2. She3. She4. She5. She6. She7. She8. She____________ friends.____________ on time for class.____________ the Internet.____________ on the phone.------------ homework.____________ in bed early. PRACTICE 14. Frequency adverbs. (Chart 1-3)Directions: Complete each sentence with an appropriate frequency adverb from the list.alwaysneveroften OR usuallyseldom OR rarelysometimes1. I watchTV in the evening five or six times a week.2. I let my roommate borrow my car only one time last year.--+ I sel~