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Irwin/McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights reserved

Whitten Bentley DittmanSYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS 6th Edition

1C H A P T E R

THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS



Introduction : Apakah ini produk sistem informasi ?

• Sistem Informasi Akademik Online di Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

• Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penilaian Kelayakan Permohonan Kredit di Bank BCA

• Document Information System (DIS) di ETSA Advertising Semarang

• Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Penyakit Jantung

• Website www.jawatengah.go.id

• Mailing List Quality Assurance Ditjen Dikti

• Media Pembelajaran Matematika SMA berbasis Multimedia

• Land Office and Land Affair (LOLA) Badan pertanahan Nasional

• Pemetaan Kawasan Industri di Kota Semarang



Chapter 1 – The Context of Systems Analysis & Design Methods

• Define information system and name seven types of information system applications.

• Identify different types of stakeholders who use or develop information systems, and give examples of each.

• Define the unique role of systems analysts in the development of information systems.

• Identify those skills needed to successfully function as an information system analyst.

• Describe current business drivers that influence information systems development.

• Describe current technology drivers that influence information systems development.

• Briefly describe a simple process for developing information systems.• Differentiate between the waterfall and the iterative/incremental approaches to systems

development.



Chapter Map



Istilah & Produk Sistem Informasi

Information System (IS) : kumpulan orang, data, proses dan teknologi informasi yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) untuk pengumpulan, pengolahan, penyimpanan dan penyediaan informasi sebagai output yang dibutuhkan untuk mendukung organisasi.

Information Technology (IT) : istilah yang populer untuk menjelaskan kombinasi antara teknologi komputer (hardware and software) dengan teknologi komunikasi (data, image, dan voice).

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Transaction Processing System (TPS) : sistem informasi yang digunakan untuk mengambil dan mengolah data transaksi bisnis.

Management Information System (MIS) : sistem informasi yang menyediakan berbagai pelaporan berorientasi pada manajemen yang berbasis pada operasi dan proses transaksi pada organisasi.

Decision Support System (DSS) : sistem informasi yang digunakan untuk membantu mengidentifikasi peluang pengambilan keputusan atau menyediakan informasi untuk membantu pengambilan keputusan.

Executive Information System (EIS) : sistem informasi yang digunakan untuk perencanaan, penilaian dan pengambilan keputusan bagi manajer eksekutif.

Expert System (ES) : sistem informasi yang mengambil keahlian pakar dan men-simulasikan keahlian tsb untuk dimanfaatkan oleh yang bukan ahlinya.

Communications and Collaboration System (CCS) : sistem informasi yang memungkinkan terciptanya komunikasi yang efektif antara staf, mitra, kustomer, dan pemasok sehingga meningkatkan kemampuan dalam bekerjasama.

Office Automation System (OAS) : sistem informasi untuk mendukung aktivitas bisnis dalam lingkup perkantoran sehingga meningkatkan aliran kerja diantara staf. Back



Stakeholders : Pemain dalam Sistem• Stakeholders : Seseorang yang terlibat pada sistem informasi (usulan atau yang ada). Stakeholder dapat orang teknis

atau non teknis. Berasal dari internal atau eksternal organisasi.• Information workers : Seseorang yang pekerjaannya terkait pada pembuatan, pengumpulan, pengolahan, distribusi

atau penggunaan informasi.• Knowledge workers : Bagian dari information workers, tetapi spesialis pada knowledge atau pengetahuan tertentu.

Misal Akuntan, Pengacara, Insinyur, Desainer Iklan, Analis Pasar dsb.• System owners : Sponsor dan penasehat eksekutif, yang bertanggungjawab pada pembiayaan pengembangan, operasi

dan pemeliharaan sistem informasi.• System users : “Kustomer” atau pengguna sistem informasi reguler untuk : pengambilan, validasi, entering, responding

to, menyimpan, dan menukar data dan informasi.– Internal users : staf administrasi dan pelayanan, staf teknis dan profesional, supervisor, manajer menengah, dan

manajer eksekutif, remote users, mobile users– External users : customer, supplier, mitra, competitor, remote user, mobile user

• System designer : Spesialis teknis yang bertugas mendesain/menerjemahkan kebutuhan bisnis user ke dalam solusi teknis. Lingkup desain meliputi desain database, input, output, layar, jaringan, dan software yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan user. Profesi : database adm, network architect, Web architect, Graphic architect, Security expert, technology specialist dll.

• System builders : Spesialis teknis yang mengkonstruksi sistem informasi beserta komponen-2 nya berbasis pada spesifikasi desain yang sudah ditetapkan oleh system designers. Profesi : App. prog, System prog., database prog., network adm., security adm., webmaster, soft. integrator dll.

• Systems analyst : Spesialis yang bertugas mempelajari masalah dan kebutuhan organisasi untuk menemukan formulasi bagaimana orang-orang/staf, data, proses dan teknologi informasi dapat dikembangkan untuk peningkatan kinerja bisnis. Syarat : Harus memahami bisnis dan komputer.Analog : Konsultan sistem, analis bisnis, arsitek sistem, insinyur sistem, insinyur informasi, analis informasi, Integrator sistem.



Other Stakeholders

External Service Provider (ESP) : systems analyst, system designer, atau system builder yang menyediakan jasa keahlian dan pengalamannya pada organisasi bisnis lain untuk membantu peningkatan bisnis organisasi, pengembangan atau integrasi sistem informasi. Biasanya para ESP tergabung dalam sebuah organisasi jasa atau konsultan atau free lance.

Project Manager : profesional berpengalaman yang bertanggung jawab pada perencanaan (planning), pengawasan (monitoring), dan pengendalian (controlling) proyek. Lingkup pekerjaan meliputi penjadwalan (schedule), penganggaran (budget), deliverables, kepuasan kustomer (customer satisfaction), standar teknis (technical standards), dan kualitas sistem (system quality).



Stakeholders’ Perspectives on an Information System



The Systems Analyst as a Problem-Solver

• Situasi kebenaran atas suatu masalah, baik secara real atau

bersifat antisipasi, yang membutuhkan koreksi

• Peluang untuk memperbaiki situasi walaupun tidak ada

komplain/keluhan

• Langsung menangani/memperbaiki situasi terkait dengan

komplain/keluhan atau tidak terhadap sistem saat ini



Where Do Systems Analysts Work?

1. Pemilik/Manaj. Eksekutif2. Bagian Pelayanan Informasi3. Unit-unit Fungsional4. Proyek tertentu5. Dept. Komp. unit fungsional



Kemampuan yang dibutuhkan oleh Systems Analyst

• Memiliki pengetahuan teknologi informasi• Pengalaman dan keahlian dalam pemrograman komputer• Memiliki pengetahuan bisnis secara umum• Memiliki keahlian problem-solving• Memiliki keahlian komunikasi interpersonal• Memiliki keahlian berhubungan/berrelasi interpersonal• Fleksibel dan memiliki kemampuan beradaptasi• Memiliki karakter dan ber-etika



The Systems Analyst as a Facilitator



Etika Analis Sistem – from Computer Ethics Institute

• Janganlah engkau menggunakan komputer untuk menyakiti sesamamu

• Janganlah engkau mencampuri pekerjaan komputer sesamamu• Janganlah engkau menyusup/i file komputer sesamamu• Janganlah engkau menggunakan komputer untuk mencuri• Janganlah engkau menggunakan komputer untuk bersaksi dusta• Janganlah ada padamu perangkat lunak yang belum engkau

bayar atau engkau kopi (tanpa ijin)• Janganlah engkau menggunakan sumber daya komputer

sesamamu tanpa ijin atau kompensasi yang sesuai• Janganlah engkau membajak hasil karya intelektual sesamamu• Berpikirlah mengenai konsekuensi sosial atas program yang

engkau tulis atau sistem yang engkau desain• Gunakanlah komputer dalam cara-cara yang memastikan

pertimbangan dan penghargaan sesamamu

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Business Drivers for Today’s Information Systems

• Globalization of the Economy• Electronic Commerce and Business• Security and Privacy• Collaboration and Partnership• Knowledge Asset Management• Continuous Improvement and Total Quality

Management• Business Process Redesign



Globalization of the Economy

Global Economy brings– New and expanded international markets– New international competitors

Impact on information systems– Require support of multiple languages, currency exchange rates,

business cultures– Require consolidation of international data– Demand for players who can communicate, orally and in writing,

with management and users that speak different languages



Electronic Commerce and Business

E-Commerce – the buying and selling of goods and services by using the Internet.

E-Business – the use of the Internet to conduct and support day-to-day business activities.

Types of e-commerce and e-business– Marketing of corporate image, products, and services– Business-to-consumer (B2C) ; www.amazon.com,

www.bhineka.com, etc– Business-to-business (B2B) ; www.e-bay.com, www.tanah-

abang.com, www.indonetwork.com, www.kadin-indonesia.or.id etcImpact on information systems

– Most new information systems are being designed for an Internet (or intranet) architecture

– Since the only client-side software is a web browser, the choice of client operating system is becoming less important



An Electronic Commerce Storefront



An Electronic Commerce Procurement Storefront



Security and Privacy

Security– How will the business continue in the even of a security

breach, terrorist attack, or disaster?– How can the business protect its digital assets from

outside threats?

Privacy– Consumer demands for privacy in e-commerce

transactions– Government requirements

Impact on information systems– Need to incorporate stringent security and privacy

controls



Collaboration and Partnership

Organizations seek to break down the walls that separate organizational departments and functions.

Organizations collaborate with outside business partners and even competitors.



Knowledge Asset Management

Data – raw facts about people, places, events, and things that are of importance in an organization.

Information – data that has been processed or reorganized into a more meaningful form for someone.

Knowledge – data and information that is further refined based on the facts, truths, beliefs, judgments, experiences, and expertise of the recipient.

Knowledge Asset Management– Recognizes that data, information, and knowledge are critical business

resources– Asks: “How can the organization manage and share knowledge for

competitive advantage?”– Strives to integrate the data and information that can create and preserve

knowledge



Continuous Improvement and Total Quality Management

Business Processes – Tasks that respond to business events (e.g., an order). Business processes are the work, procedures, and rules required to complete the business tasks, independent of any information technology used to automate or support them.

Continuous process improvement (CPI) – The continuous monitoring of business processes to effect small but measurable improvements in cost reduction and value added.

Total quality management (TQM) – a comprehensive approach to facilitating quality improvements and management within a business.



Business Process Redesign

Business process redesign (BPR) is the study, analysis,

and redesign of fundamental business processes to

reduce costs and/or improve value added to the business.

– More substantial changes and improvements than CPI

– Usually complemented by CPI

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Technology Drivers for Today’s Information Systems

• Networks and the Internet

– xHTML and XML, Bahasa script, Bahasa pemrograman Web, Intranet, Ekstranet, Portal, Layanan web dll

• Mobile and Wireless Technologies

– PDAs, Smart phones, Bluetooth, Wireless networking

• Object Technologies

– Objects are reusable, Objects are extensible, Object-oriented programming languages include C++, java, Smalltalk, and VB.net

• Collaborative Technologies

– E-mail, Instant messaging, Groupware, Work flow

• Enterprise Applications

– ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management), CRM (Customer Relationship Management, EAI (Enterprise Application Integration)



Enterprise Applications



Supply Chain



Enterprise Application Integration



ERP vendors : Baan, J. D. Edwards, Oracle, Peoplesoft, SAP AGSCM vendors : i2 Technologies, Manugistics, - SAP, SCT, CRM vendors : BroadVision, E.piphany, Kana, Nortel/Clarity, Peoplesoft/Vanitive, SiebelEAI vendors : BEA Systems, IBM (MQSeries), Mercator Software, TIBCO Software

ERP & Vendor

Enterprise Resource Planning

Aplikasi perangkat lunak yang mengintegrasikan secara penuh sistem informasi yang mencakup sebagian besar atau semua fungsi bisnis inti

More information about ERP software :http://evaluation.altech.informatics.co.za/researchit/ERP_SAP_home.asp

Enterprise resource planning systems (ERPs) are management information systems (MISs) that integrate and automate many of the business practices associated with the operations or production and distribution aspects of a company engaged in manufacturing products or services.Enterprise resource planning is a term derived from manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) that followed material requirements planning (MRP). ERP systems typically handle the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing, and accounting for a company. Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, like sales, delivery, billing, production, inventory management, quality management, and human resources management.

ERPs are often called back office systems indicating that customers and the general public are not directly involved. This is contrasted with front office systems like customer relationship management (CRM) systems that deal directly with the customers, or the eBusiness systems such as eCommerce, eGoverment, eTelecom, and eFinance, or supplier relationship management (SRM) systems that deal with the suppliers.ERPs are cross-functional and enterprise wide. All functional departments that are involved in operations or production are integrated in one system. In addition to manufacturing, warehousing, logistics, and Information Technology, this would include accounting, human resources, marketing, and strategic management.

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A Simple System Development Process

Proses Pengembangan Sistem – kumpulan aktivitas, metode, praktek terbaik, sesuai permintaan, dan peralatan terautomatisasi yang digunakan stakeholders untuk mengembangkan dan memelihara sistem informasi/perangkat lunak.

Pendekatan problem-solving :1. Mengidentifikasi masalah.2. Menganalisis dan memahami masalah. Analisis Kinerja Sistem (System Performance Analysis)3. Mengidentifikasi persyaratan atau harapan solusi.4. Mengidentifikasi solusi alternatif dan memilih solusi/tindakan terbaik.5. Merancang solusi yang dipilih.6. Mengimplementasikan solusi yang terpilih.7. Mengevaluasi hasil. Jika masalah tidak terselesaikan, kembali ke langkah 1 atau 2 seperlunya).



Systems Development and Problem Solving



Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for Systems Analysis & Design Methods 4ed

by J. L. Whitten & L. D. Bentley

INFORMATION SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK

SYSTEM

ANALYSTS

SYSTEMBUILDERS

(components)

SYSTEMDESIGNERS

(specification)

SYSTEMUSERS

(requirements)

SYSTEMOWNERS

(scope)

DatabaseTechnology

Database Structures

Database Scehma

Data Requirements

Business Subjects

FOCUS ONSYSTEM

DATA

Application Programs

Application Schema

Business Processes

Business Functions

FOCUS ONSYSTEM

PROCESSES

Component Programs

Interface Schema

Interface Requirements

System Context

FOCUS ON SYSTEM

INTERFACES

Software(and Hardware)

Technology

InterfaceTechnology

NetworkingTelchnology

Network Programs

Network Schema

Communication Reqts.

Operating Locations

FOCUS ONSYSTEM

GEOGRAPHY

SYSTEMSUPPORT

SYSTEMIMPLEMENTATION

SYSTEMDESIGN

SYSTEMANALYSIS

SYSTEMPLANNING

System Development

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER (customer_no CHAR(10) NOT NULL customer_name CHAR(32) NOT NULL customer _rating CHAR(1) NOT NULL balance_due DECIMAL(5,2) CREATE INDEX cust_no_idx on CUSTOMER CREATE INDEX cust_rt_idx on CUSTOMER

CUSTOMER customer-no customer-name customer-rating balance-due

PRODUCT product-no product-name unit-of-measure unit-price quantity-available

ORDER order-no order-date products-ordered quantities-ordered

Order Form

Help +

Customer Form

Product Lookup

Logon

New Customer

New Order

Order Accepted

Change of

Address

First Order

Request Order Help

Order Help Complete

Request Product Lookup

Request Product Lookup Help

Product Lookup Help Complete

On Event Help.ButtonClick Do Change Focus HelpDialog On Event OKButton Do Begin {proecdure} End On Event CancelButton Do

Create AccountType = SalesClerk Set OrderDir.Rights=full Set CustomerDir.Rights=full Set ProductDir.Rights=read Set OrderAppDir.Rights=copy

Customers order zero, one, or more products. Products may be ordered by zero, one, or more customers.

Mark eting

Adv ertis ing

Orders

Sales

C anc ella tions Serv ic es

Order Management

SystemCustomer

Accounts Receivable Database

Warehouse

Bank

OrderPicking Order

Credit

Credit Voucher

Check credit

Validate customer

Validate products

Release order

Customers

Orders

P roducts

order

customer number

valid order

order without valid

customer

credit

order with valid products

approved order

quantity in stock

approved order

rejected order

prices

picking ticket

Fi r ecr acker Sal es

EDI Cust

St. Louis

HQ

LA Office

Indy Ware- house

NY Office

West Customers

East Customers

Maintenance Records

Products Catalog

ordercatalog

changes

ship order

ship order ship order

credit credit

service

C U STOMER customer_no [A lpha (10)] IN D EX customer_name [A lpha(32)] customer_rat ing [A lpha(1)] IN D EX balance_due [R eal(5,2)]

PR OD U C T product_no [A lpha(10)] IN D EX product_name [A lpha(32)] unit_of_measure [A lpha(2)] unit_price [R eal(3 ,2)] quantity_available [ Integer(4)]

OR D ER order_no [A lpha(12)] IN D EX order_date [D ate(mmddyyyy) C U STOMER .customer_no

OR D ER _PR OD U C T OR D ER .order_no PR OD U C T.product_no quantity_ordered [ Integer(2)

Orde r Proc e s s ing

Progra m

Proc e s s a n Orde r

Initia tion Routine

Shutdown Routine

Ge t a n Orde r

Va lida te a n Orde r

File a n Orde r

Che c k Cus tom e r

Cre dit

Che c k Produc t

Da ta

Che c k Cre dit Da ta

Re le a s e a n

Orde r

Cus tom e rs Produc ts Orde rs

St. Louis Mainframe

Indy AIX Server

NT Server LA

NT Server NY

Communications Controller

PBX

Enternet LAN AIX/Lan Manager

Ethernet LAN/NT

Ethernet LAN/NT

Client PC Client PC

Client PC Client PC

VALIDATE_AN_ORDER. REPEAT UNTIL NO_MORE_ORDERS PERFORM CUSTOMER_VALIDATIO REPEAT UNTIL NO_MORE_ORDER PERFORM PRODUCT_VALIDATI END REPEAT. PERFORM CREDIT_CHECK. IF CREDIT_CHECK 'BAD' THEN



System Development Process Overview

Permulaan (Inisiasi) Sistem – perencanaan awal proyek untuk mendefinisikan lingkup, tujuan, jadwal, dan anggaran.

Analisis Sistem – studi domain masalah bisnis untuk merekomendasikan perbaikan dan menspesifikasi persyaratan dan prioritas bisnis dalam rangka menyelesaikan masalah.

Desain Sistem – spesifikasi atau konstruksi teknis, solusi berbasis komputer untuk persyaratan bisnis yang telah diidentifikasi dalam analisis sistem.

Implementasi Sistem – konstruksi, instalasi, pengujian dan pengiriman sistem untuk digunakan dalam proses bisnis.

Manajemen Proyek dan Manajemen Proses

Manajemen Proyek – suatu aktivitas untuk mendefinisikan, merencanakan, melaksanakan, mengawasi, dan mengendalikan proyek pengembangan sistem dalam waktu dan anggaran yang terbatas.

Manajemen Proses – aktivitas berkelanjutan yang mendefinisikan, meningkatkan, dan mengkoordinasi penggunaan metodologi dan standar pada semua proyek pengembangan sistem.



Sequential versus Iterative Development

Sequential process disebut juga “waterfall development” process

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