Biodiversity, people and networks

Marco Pautassomarpauta at gmail.com

Canterbury (UK)3 Nov 2010

from: Hufnagel et al. (2005) PNAS (air) & Kaluza et al. (2010) Interface (sea)

Transport networks in a globalized world

passengers

US counties with (•) or without (o) Universities and/or Botanic Gardens

from: Pautasso & McKinney (2007) Conservation Biology

• N = 692, r2 = 0.13, y = 2.15 (SE = 0.08) + 0.15 (SE = 0.01) x, p < 0.0001

o N = 2187, r2 = 0.10, y = 2.18 (SE = 0.05) + 0.15 (SE = 0.01) x, p < 0.0001

Conservation biogeography

Elevational gradient in vascular plant biodiversity

Marini et al. (in press) Global Ecology & Biogeogeography

data from Bergamo & Brescia provinces, Italy

Landscape pathology

Picture: D. Rizzo, UC Davis from: Pautasso et al. (2010) Biological Reviews

Fire blight epidemic development in Switzerland

Data from: Eidgenössisches Volkswirtschaftsdepartement, Swiss Confederation

2003 2007

199919952003-07

NATURAL

TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIAL

food webs

airport networks

cell metabolism

meta-populations

railway networks

ant nests

WWWInternet

electrical power grids

software mapscomputing

gridsE-mail

patterns

innovation flows

telephone calls

co-authorship nets

family networks

committees

sexual partnerships

Food web of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, US

Internet structure

Network pictures from: Newman (2003) SIAM Review

HIV spread

network

Network theory

urban road networks

from: Moslonka-Lefebvre et al. (2011) Phytopathology

epidemiology

Biodiversity conservation at the interface between disciplines

Kiss et al. (2010) Journal of Informetrics

Acknowledgements

Claude Steck, Birmensdorf

Mike Jeger, Silwood

Ingrid Parmentier,

Bruxelles

Kevin Gaston,

Sheffield

Diego Fontaneto,Stockholm

Birgit & Florian Schlick-Steiner, Innsbruck

Mike McKinney, Knoxville

Lorenzo Marini, Padova

Joan Webber, Alice Holt

Susanne Fritz, Copenhagen

Ottmar Holdenrieder, Zurich

Peter Weisberg, Reno

Glen Powell, London

Mathieu Moslonka-Lefebvre, Paris

Tom Harwood, Canberra

Caroline Pecher, Bozen

(a), (b) & (c) from: Pautasso & Gaston (2006) Global Ecology & Biogeography;(d) from: Pautasso & Gaston (2005) Ecology Letters

Biogeographical patterns in bird biodiversity

Survey year

Log 10

plot

are

a (k

m2 )

Log 1

0as

sem

blag

e ab

unda

nce

(indi

vidu

als)(c)

Log10 plot area (km2)

from: Lonsdale et al. (2008) European Journal of Forest Research

Random sample of 100 papers per year on ‘species richness’ in WOS (1991-2004)

b from: http://www.worldmapper.org/

a, c & d: from: Pautasso & Parmentier (2007) Botanica Helvetica

(c)

(d)

(a)(c)

log 1

0sp

pri

chne

ss (n

)

(b) Size of countries reflects n of botanic gardens

Biogeography of the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens

(d)

(yr)

from: Golding et al. (2010) Annals of Botany

Living collections of the world’s botanic gardens (2)

from: Chiari et al. (2010) J Animal Ecology

Locally, biodiversity-people correlations tend to be negative

birds in Florence

from: Pecher et al. (2010) Basic and Applied Ecology

Scale-dependence of the correlation between species richness of stream macro-invertebrates and people

from: Cantarello et al. (2010) Naturwissenschaften

Sampling effort explains the correlation between species richness of Orthoptera and people in Italy

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

probability of transmission

prob

abili

ty o

f per

sist

ence

localrandomsmall-worldscale-free (two-way)scale-free (uncorrelated)scale-free (one way)

Lower epidemic threshold for scale-free networks with positive correlation between in- and out-degree

from: Moslonka-Lefebvre et al. (2011) Phytopathology

Epidemic does not develop Epidemic develops

Current research – 1. epidemic modellingin small-size directed networks

N replicates = 100; error bars are St. Dev.; different letters show sign. different means

at p < 0.05

from: Moslonka-Lefebvre et al. (2009) Journal of Theoretical Biology

Correlation of epidemic final size with out-degree of starting node increases with network connectivity

N replicates = 100; error bars are St. Dev.; different letters show sign. different means at p < 0.05

from: Pautasso et al. (2010) Ecol Compl

ReferencesBarbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Positive regional species–people correlations: a sampling artefact or a key issue for sustainable development? Animal Conservation 13: 446-447Cantarello E, Steck CE, Fontana P, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) A multi-scale study of Orthoptera species richness and human population size controlling for sampling effort. Naturwissenschaften 97: 265-271Dehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2010) Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications for plant health. Scientia Horticulturae 125: 1-15Golding J, Güsewell S, Kreft H, Kuzevanov VY, Lehvävirta S, Parmentier I & Pautasso M (2010) Species-richness patterns of the living collections of the world's botanic gardens: a matter of socio-economics? Annals of Botany 105: 689-696Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between links to and from nodes, and clustering. Journal of Theoretical Biology 260: 402-411Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Finley A, Dorigatti I, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Harwood T, Jeger MJ, Xu XM, Holdenrieder O & Pautasso M (2011) Networks in plant epidemiology: from genes to landscapes, countries and continents. Phytopathology 101: 392-403Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics and Evolution 11: 157-189Pautasso M & Parmentier I (2007) Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns observed in natural ecosystems? Botanica Helvetica 117: 15-28Pautasso M, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Jeger MJ (2010) The number of links to and from the starting node as a predictor of epidemic size in small-size directed networks. Ecological Complexity 7: 424-432 Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280