LONG-TERM MEMORY

2 TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY

Declarative MemoryNon-declarative Memory

Declarative Memory Memories which can be consciously recalled

such as facts and knowledge Examples are:

1.Episodic Memory - this is any memory of a specific event that happened while you were present.

2.Semantic Memory - this contains generalized knowledge of

the world that does not involve memory of a specific event.

Non- Declarative Memory It deals more on enhancing or learning

skill It involves body movements and how

to use objects in the environment Examples are:

BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MEMORY

3 LONG-TERM MEMORY SYSTEM

•Cerebellum and striatum•Amygdala•Hippocampus

Long-Term Memories begins with sensation after being processed in to the

CORTICAL SENSORY ASSOCIATION AREAS- any various region of the cerebral cortex

 

When we are learning to do things (implicit procedures), output goes mostly to the cerebellum and striatum. When we experience an emotional event, output goes to the amygdala. And when we consciously and explicitly remember personal events (episodes), facts, and information, output goes mostly to the hippocampus. After being processed by the hippocampus, however, the memory is stored back in the cortical association area from where it came.

• Cerebellum and Striatum

• For Implicit or procedural memory

Striatum helps coordinate motivation with body movement. It facilitates and balances motivation with both higher-level and lower-level functions, such as inhibiting one's behavior in a complex social interaction and fine-motor functions of inhibiting small voluntary movement.(Wikipedia)

Short- Term Memory

Amygdala

are almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions.

For emotional memory

In complex vertebrates, including humans, the amygdalae perform

primary roles in the formation and storage of memories associated

with emotional events. Research indicates that, during fear

conditioning, sensory stimuli reach the basolateral complexes of the

amygdalae, particularly the lateral nuclei, where they form

associations with memories of the stimuli. The association between

stimuli and the aversive events they predict may be mediated by long-

term potentiation, a sustained enhancement of signaling between

affected neurons. There have been studies that show that damage to

the amygdala can interfere with memory that is strengthened by

emotion. One study examined a patient with bilateral degeneration of

the amygdala. He was told a violent story accompanied by matching

pictures and was observed based on how much he could recall from

the story. The patient had less recollection of the story than patients

without amygdala damage, showing that the amygdala has a strong

connection with emotional learning. (Wikipedia)

Hippocampus Is a major component of the brains of human Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in

each side of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation.

 supports a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.

 olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain 

The prefrontal cortex is the front

most region of the frontal lobes. It

plays an important part in attention,

appropriate social behavior, impulse

control, and working memory (Baier

et al., 2010)