How do the environmental impacts of a growing population of a
developed country, the United States, compares to the undeveloped
country of India?
Taken from: http://www.claybennett.com/pages/divide.html Population
Growth
4. [INTRO]duction
We predict that a growing population will cause:
Higher rate of deforestation
Greater loss of freshwater resources
More pollution
Increased global warming
Strains of natural resources
Social issues
5. [M]ethods
We first searched to find what causes a growing
population.
We then looked to see the effects of the growing population on
the environment.
Stella and Excel were used to display the impacts of the
population growth on:
Forest Area
Fresh Water Availability
We also compared the two different growing populations.
6. What are we [model]ing?
India Population growth.
United States Growth.
Effects on Environmental Resources:
Fresh Water Availability
Forest Areas
Effects of varying levels of these subcategories.
7. Why a [grow]ing population?
United States
Increased Immigration Rates
Better health care
Higher living standards
Abortion Laws
Unintended Pregnancies ~ 40% births
Teenage Pregnancies
India
Lack of Migration
Lack of Education
Desire for Male children
Fertility rate declining
Younger women having children
Taken from: http://www.tashian.com/carl/archives/us-1896.gif Taken
from:
http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/asia/india/images/india-flag.jpg
8. [Water] and [Forest] Factor
Freshwater Availability
Misconception of Oceans as freshwater
Human Bodies 60% water
Sewage deposited in water
Health problems
Per Capita Water Use
Forests Area
Urbanization more paved areas
Less parks and nature
Lack of Oxygen production
Increase Quantity of Carbon Dioxide (Greenhouse Gases)
Global Warming
Taken from: http://static.flickr.com/33/38490644_41f946c4f2_b.jpg
Taken from:
http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1996-07-28/washington-rain-forest.png
9. [Environ]mental Impacts
Pollution increase in cars and emission of greenhouse gases
into atmosphere
Deforestation increase in paved areas to house increasing
population
Freshwater Availability increase in waste production and
contamination of water
Natural Resources increase burning of fossil fuels, excessive
use of coal
Global Warming overall increase in temperature and chances of
natural disasters
Habitat Loss change in ecosystems affecting trophic levels
10. [Excel] Model
Comparing the Population of India and US with no external
pressures
Both increasing.
India growth rate per year:
1.51%
US growth rate per year:
0.92%
India starts at a greater population.
11. WHY DO THEY DIFFER?
EDUCATION
GNP
IMMIGRATION/MIGRATION
12. [Sol]utions
Increase education programs
Later marriages
Contraceptive use
Less of a need for urbanization (jobs)
Be energy efficient (wind/ solar)
Organic farming
Sustainable development (build vertically)
Plant more trees!
Have better governmental regulations for an improved
economy
13. Poverty
Redefining Poverty
India Case Study
14. Redefining Poverty A New Poverty Line for a New India
15. The Government of India says that 24% of Indias population
is below the poverty line.* * Planning Commission of India,
1999-2000, Government of India
16. Despite such abysmal figures on Indias development, how can
the government claim that only 24% of India is poor? Clearly
something is amiss
17. The answer lies in how poverty is defined in India
The present poverty line is a conveniently low threshold based
largely on only caloric norms.
In fact, it should be called the starvation line .
It does not factor in norms for nutrition, health, clothing,
housing, education etc.
Even worse is that the Planning Commission recognizes this
shortcoming and yet doesnt do anything about it.
18. I have learnt to seek my happiness by limiting my desires
rather than attempting to satisfy them. John Stuart Mill
19. Table 1: Percentage and Number of Poor in India since 1973
* Year Percentage of Poor Number of Poor (crores) Annual Real Rate
of Decline in the Number of Poor ^ 1973-74 54.9 % 32.13 - 1977-78
51.3 % 32.89 ( 0.59 %) 1983 44.5 % 32.29 0.31 % 1987-88 38.9 %
30.71 1.25 % 1993-94 36.0 % 32.03 ( 0.70 %) 1999-00 26.1 % 26.02
3.40 % 2004** 23.6 % 24.97 0.82 % * As per the Expert Group
Methodology ^ A negative rate of decline means the number of poor
increased ** Based on the estimated population of 2004 and poverty
ratio calculated using the latest National Sample Survey in 2004.
Source: National Institute of Rural Development (2004): Rural
Development Statistics, 2002-03 .
20. The redefined poverty line
Summing up minimum costs for nutrition (Rs. 573), health (Rs.
30), clothing (Rs. 17), energy consumption (Rs. 55) and
miscellaneous expenditure (Rs. 164); the poverty line in India
should be about Rs. 840 per capita per month*.
* The actual sum is Rs. 839; we round it off for
convenience.
21.
A person is poor in India if he or she has a monthly per capita
expenditure lesser than Rs. 840 OR does not have access to either
drinking water; proper shelter; sanitation; quality secondary
education; or an all-weather road with public transport.
22. Incidence of Poverty Interventions - Program, Technology
Natural Resources Institutional/ Social Factor Labour & Capital
Flow/Mobility Spatial Integration of Economic activities New Lively
hood opportunities ECOLOGICAL AND INCOME POVERTY - DYNAMICS
Databases on relationship to examine the direction of
policies/interventions? Powerlessness of poor to gain access or use
available natural resources Role of economic policies and
interventions in altering the relationship Inequitable access land,
Information, market and credit
23. He and She are poor; Not because they are borne so; In
fact, it is the failure of the institutions, polices and programme
that they continue to be poor and marginalized. - A Perception
24. EMPLOYMENT , UNEMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ISSUES
25. Employment and Unemployment Scenario in the World
Almost all countries in the world have employment and
unemployment problem.
A total number of 191.8 million persons were unemployed in the
year 2005 in the world.The unemployment rate was around 6.3% of the
labour force
1.37 billion people though employed were earning less than US$2
a day.
520.1 million people though employed were earning less than US$
1 a day.
The problem therefore is of the order of 711.9 million if at
least one dollar a day is considered.
26.
S.No. Item 2004-2005
Total Population as on Jan. 2005 1092.96Million
Total Labour Force 469.94 Million
Total Employment 459.10 Million
Total number of open 10.84 Million Unemployment
Unemployment rate as percentage Around
of total labour force 2. 3 %
Employment in Organised Sector(2004) 26.4 Million
S EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT SCENARIO IN INDIA Cont...
27. STRUCTURE OF WORKFORCE
Sector World India
Agriculture 40.1% 58.5%
Industry 21.0% 18.1%
Services 38.9% 23.4%
Vast majority of workers in Agriculture
A significant proportion of them are below poverty line
28. Approach by various Countries
Various countries are trying to address the problem of
unemployment through various means.
Developed countries are trying to have separate employment
policies.
Developing countries are relying on economic growth as well as
special employment generation programme.
Export of labour force to other countries will not be easy
unless labour force in developing countries can claim better
skills.
29. Approach to Employment in Economic Planning-India
Planning in India focused on economic growth.
Generation of employment was viewed as part of the process of
development and not as a goal in conflict with, or to be pursued
independently of economic development
Thus there is no employment policy as such and additional
employment generation is attempted through growth process and
through special employment generation programme
30. PROBLEMS
Population growth and consequential increase in the labour
force. 10 to 12 million persons are entering the labour force every
year.
Productivity and income generation from employment are
low.
Th ough, open unemployment is only2.3%(11 million)
the percentage of the population below the poverty line is
high. The fact of being employed is obviously
no guarantee of escaping from poverty,which in our situation
refers to a very basic level of subsistence.
Out of around 470 million work force as many as 130million are
working poor. Therefore the problem is of the order of 130+11=141
million.
31. MAIN ISSUES There are primarily two main issues namely:-
Issue no-1 How to provide employment to the new entrant to the
labour force and to the unemployed. That is how to create
additional employment opportunities needed. Issue no-2 How to
improve quality of employment so that productivity and income level
of the workforce increases.
32. Action taken to tackle Issue No-1
Planned Initiative. Tenth Plan envisages creation of around 10
million jobs each year, around 6 million from normal growth process
and around 4 million through special employment generation
programme proposed for sectors.
Economic growth and employment growth being correlated attempts
are made to achieve 8% growth rate of the economy so that
anticipated employment generation takes place.
As against a target of 10 million per year around12 million
persons per year were provided employment during 2000-2005
33. Action taken to tackle Issue No-2
Provide skill training to the new entrants to the
labour force
Improving skill level of the work force.
Organize Skill training as per the market demand. That is, it
should cater to the needs of both organized and unorganized
sector.
