BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHYLecture 2

Prepared by Raizza Corpuz

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Branches of Philosophy

Ethics

Politics

Religion

Metaphysics

Logic

Epistemology

Aesthetics

Science

Philosophy

Ethics

Questions: How should we live?What is good and evil? What is the best way to live?What is Justice? Is right and wrong the same everywhere or different everywhere?

EthicsA philosophical study on the morality (goodness or badness) of human actions (conduct)

What should one do?

Descriptive – Sociology

Normative – Prescriptive

Meta ethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?

EpistemologyExplores the nature and limitations of knowledge

Definition of knowledgeInvestigates how knowledge is obtainedExplores the relationship between belief, truth and knowledge

EpistemologyQuestions: What is knowledge?How is knowledge acquired?How do we know what we know?

What is Epistemology?

Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-, "knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge

• How knowledge is relates to truth, belief, and justification.

• The means of production of knowledge

Epistemological Questions

What is knowledge?

How is knowledge acquired?

What do people know?

How do we know what we know?

Is human knowledge trustworthy?

Can our senses be trusted?

Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom

MetaphysicsKnowledge Science• Explores the fundamental

nature of reality and being

Ontology Existence Objects PropertiesSpace and TimeCause and Effect

Metaphysics

Questions: What is real? What is reality? What is reality like?

METAPHYSICS

Questions:1. Reality2. Time3. Space4. Presentism5. Relativistic Concept

PoliticsPolitical PhilosophyExplores the relationship between citizens and governments

LibertyLegal JusticeProperty OwnershipCitizen's RightsSystem of Law

PoliticsQuestions:

How should government be organized?What makes a government legitimate? Who decides who the leaders should be?What laws are good and necessary? How should law be enforced?

AestheticsSensori-Emotional ValuesExplores the nature of beauty, art, and taste with the creation and appreciation of beauty

AestheticsQuestions

What is beauty? What is art? What is the value of beauty and art? Who should judge what is beautiful or artistic? How should art and beauty be judged?

AestheticsDiscussion: • On the left is Marcel

Duchamp's ready-made “sculpture” called “Fountain”. It's a factory-made urinal on a stand.

• Is this “Art”? • Why / Why not? • Is it beautiful?

Offensive?• Why?

ReligionPhilosophy of Religion

Branch of philosophy concerned with questions regarding religion

Nature & Existence of GodTheologyExamination of Religious ExperienceAnalysis of Religious language and textsRelationship between Religion and Science

ReligionQuestions• Does God exist? • What is God? • What is the nature of the

relationship between God and humans?• Is God active in the world?

How? • Is there life after death?• What is the relationship

between Religion and Ethics? ...Religion and Science?

Religion

Pantheism What is God?

God is the Universe and the Universe is God.

There is no distinction between God and the universe (nature). Some forms of Buddhism are examples of pantheism.

Religion

Panentheism What is God?

God is in the Universe and the Universe is in God

God is more than the Universe.

God and the Universe are connected but not identical.

Philosophy of ScienceScienceConcerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science.

Empirical VerificationInductive Logic Objectivity of the Observer

Philosophy of ScienceQuestions • What is the natural world?• How should we study

nature? • What methods are useful

in the study of nature? • Can science establish

Natural Laws which are absolute (true everywhere and for everyone)?

• What are the limits of scientific knowledge?

LogicRules for ThinkingThe systematic principles (or rules) for thinking rationally.

Inferences are made by construction of ArgumentsRules of Logic determine which arguments are VALID and which are FALACIES

LOGICA philosophical study on the correct processes of thinking.

The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from invalid argument

Examination fallacies

Using correct argument patterns

Logic

A philosophical study on the correct

processes of thinking.

The systematic study of argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from invalid

argument

Examination fallacies Using correct argument patterns

And Jonathan Lear has said,

• "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a fundamental interest in metatheory": his primary goal is not to offer a practical guide to argumentation but to study the properties of inferential systems themselves.

Logic,

• from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), means originally the word, or what is spoken, (but comes to mean thought or reason). • The exact definition of logic is a

matter of controversy among philosophers, but It is often said to be the study of arguments.

•Aristotle holds, exactly one member of any contradiction is true and one false: they cannot both be true, and they cannot both be false.• NO T/T or F/F Just: T/F

Aristotle's analysis of the simplest form of argument: the three-term Syllogism.

• The standard example in philosophy has always been:• All men are mortal. [Premise1 in the

form: All B's are C's.] • Socrates is a man. [Premise 2 in the

form: (All) A is B.] • Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

[Conclusion in the form: All A's

are C's.]

E. G

1.) All men are mortal2.) No gods are mortalTherefore:3.) No men are gods.

1.) Everybody likes Fridays2.) Today is FridayTherefore:3.) Everybody likes today

• All B's are A's. • All C's are B's. • All C's are A's.

The syllogism has two premises and a conclusion. Each premise is a proposition with a subject term and a predicate term. In the conclusion, the subject term is C and the predicate term is A. There is also a "middle term" B, which is the term linking the C's and the A's. Hence Aristotle regards the middle term as what provides the explanation (i.e., B explains why all C's are A's.)

THANK YOU!!!