1

Aperture (AV mode)

Aperture is a hole or opening within the camera

lens in which allows the light to travel through.

Pressing the shutter release button on your

camera means a hole will open up allowing your

cameras image sensor to catch a glimpse of the

scene you are wanting to capture.

The aperture setting you have selected on your

camera will impact the size of the hole in the

lens. The larger the hole is, the more light the

camera will allow in and therefore the smaller

the hole, the less light.

High aperture setting:

This image was taken using a

high aperture setting of around

f.2 meaning more light was

taken in by the camera, this is

the reason for the

overexposure of the image.

The second image was taken

using a aperture setting of f.8.

this means the setting is more

suited to the light of the scene

however is still slightly too

high meaning this image is

also slightly overexposed.

The final image was taken

using a higher aperture of

around f.16. meaning the

image is rather dark and

slightly underexposed.

f.2

f.8

f.16

Aperture

settings.

These are examples of different aperture settings.

The rose image at the left of the top row has the

lowest setting and the image is in shallow focus. The

image on the right of the second row was taken with

a high aperture setting is in deep focus.

Shutter Speed (TV mode)

The shutter speed of

the camera means the

amount of time the

shutter is open and

therefore the amount

of time a camera takes

to capture a

photograph.

A faster shutter speed

will take the

photograph quickly

therefore the image will

be 'still' however if the

shutter speed is slow

you will see the

movement of a subject.

E.G.

The pear in the first photo

looks as though is it still as

it has been taken with a fast

shutter speed however, the

second images is on a

slower shutter speed and

you can see the subject

moving

1/200

The shutter speed in this

image is fast meaning the

camera quickly captures the

image and therefore the

photograph is clear and not

blurred.

1/4

In this image, the shutter

speed was set to 1/4 which

shows some movement of the

vehicle as it passes by. A

slightly longer shutter speed

also allows more light to enter

the camera and makes the

image lighter.

1”6

In the final image, the

movement of the vehicle is

clear. The shutter speed is

much longer which takes the

camera more time to actually

capture the image, more light

enters the camera and

therefore this is the lightest

image.

1/200

1/4

1”6

ISO (Film Speed)

The ISO is the cameras sensitivity to light.

The higher the ISO number, the more light a camera will

allow in. Dark situations will often need a higher ISO

however, changing the ISO can often result in the

image looking distorted and grainy/

The lower the number, the less light a camera will take

in and the darker the image will be, the image should

look sharp and the colours should look even.

100

800

ISO

This image was taken

using a very low ISO of

100 meaning less light

was allowed into the

camera making the

photograph dark.

I used an ISO of 800 to

take this picture

meaning the image was

much lighter than the

one above. A higher ISO

means more light is let

into the lens.

ISO

This image is an example of the ISO

settings.

The image on the left has the lowest

ISO and is the darkest.

White Balance

The white balance setting on the DSLR camera is what

controls and often removes unrealistic colourings to

make the photograph look more natural.

The average settings on cameras are;

AUTO: the camera decides upon the colours will be in

the image.

TUNGSTEN: this setting is usually used for shooting

indoors especially for tungsten lighting e.g. bulb lighting.

This setting will cool down the colours in photographs.

FLUORESCENT: This compensates for the images with

’cooler’ tones of light of fluorescent light and will warm

up the shots.

DAYLIGHT/SUNNY: this setting is not included on all

camera as it is very similar to the normal or auto setting.

CLOUDY: the cloudy setting generally warms up the

colours. It is similar to the daylight setting but the tones

will be more orange.

FLASH: the flash of your camera can often prove to be

rather cool and using the Flash white balance will warm

up the shots.

SHADE: the light in shade is generally cooler (more

blue) than shooting in direct sunlight so this mode will

warm the photographs up a little.

1. TUNGSTEN – used to cool down the colours

within the image.

2. FLUORESCENT – the fluorescent white

balance setting warms the colour tones.

3. SHADE- again, this warms up the tones in

the image. The setting is quite similar to the

auto setting and therefore the colours in the

picture are similar to what they looked like

without a white balance setting selected.

4. CLOUDY – this setting was used to warm up

the tones within the image.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Original

image.

Cropped

image.

Cropping

an image.

• Cropping an image can be beneficial as you are able to focus on one point of a photograph however, the image quality will be lost as less pixels will be used.

Original image.

Burn. Dodge.

Dodging and burning

an image.• DODGING

• Using the dodge tool in Photoshop will allow people to lighten certain parts of an image. You can use the dodge tool to lighten up the background of an image if the item in the foreground is the point of interest.

• BURNING

• Burning does the opposite of dodging by making certain areas of the image.

• By using the dodge and burn techniques you can make something ordinary look much better and more realistic. I found this example online of how somebody make a simple grey circle look 3 dimensional just by using the dodge and burn Photoshop tools.

https://fstoppers.com/post-production/ultimate-guide-dodge-burn-

technique-part-1-fundamentals-9261

Colour adjustments.

Changing the colour levels

Adjustments – Levels

You use the Levels adjustment to

change or correct the tonal range and

colour balance. You are able to do this

by adjusting intensity levels of image

shadows, mid-tones, and highlights.

18

Flatbed Scanner

ADVANTAGES

• The devices are capable of

scanning documents up to 8.5

inches by 11.7 inches, if they

are placed on the document

on the device's glass platform.

• Scanners do not let the

document pass through the

machines as they lay flat on

top of the scanner and

therefore this reduces the risk

of the documents being

damaged or getting caught by

the rollers inside of handheld

or drum scanners.

• Flat bed scanners are ideal

for scanning delicate and

vintage photographs,

documents and books so they

wont get damaged.

• You are able to scan text

easily.

• With most scanners, you have

the option to chose whether

you want the document black

or white.

DISADVANTAGES.

• Duplicates are not as

good quality as the

original.

• Often are large in size

and therefore prove to

be space consuming.

• Can be costly.

A scanner is used to scan images, pictures, printed documents

and objects to convert them to a digital image meaning they

can be viewed on devices such as mobiles, tablet and PC.

WebcamA webcam is a small camera used for videotelephony.

They can be used for a number of things such as video

making, surveillance and broadcasting. You are also

able to use them for photography and for time lapses

using a computer to display the imagery.

ADVANTAGES:

• Webcams are low cost

• They are extremely

convenient as most

modern devices come

with a built in webcam

and if not, they are

cheap to buy.

• Makes it easier to

communicate with

people.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Many people believe

privacy is an issue

with webcams due to

the lack of trust within

them not being turned

on and webcams

being built in to the

device makes it easier

to be hacked into.

• The picture quality is

often rather low.

Mobile Phone

Mobile phones with a built in camera have the ability to

capture photographs and video. They all have fixed focal

length lenses and smaller sensors than DSLR cameras

meaning the image quality will not be as high.

ADVANTAGES:

• Having a camera on a mobile phone means taking a

photograph can be extremely convenient as generally,

people normally carry their mobile with them most of the

time therefore they have a camera with them.

• With modern apps on phones, you are able to edit images

quickly and conveniently.

DISADVANTAGES

• Phones with a good camera are often expensive.

• Images quality is not as high as DSLR images.

• Privacy can be an issue as hackers can often access

things such as iCloud.