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Cancer Screening Programs
By: Ebru Asik
History of Cancer Screening Programs
- Cancer screening is used to detect before
symptoms of the cancer appear.
- In early stages of breast cancer, cervical cancer
and colorectal cancer it can be impossible to
see or feel. That is why we have cancer
screening.
- Can involve blood tests, urine tests, other tests,
or medical imaging.
Types of Cancer Screening Programs
Mammogram: screening programs for
Breast cancer is called mammogram.
Colonoscopy: screening programs for
Colorectal cancer is called a colonoscopy.
Pap Test: screening programs for
Cervical cancer is called a pap test.
WH
AT T
HE M
AC
HIN
ES
LOO
K
LIKE
Mammogram (left), Colonoscopy Instrument (top right), Speculum (bottom right)
Benefits and Drawbacks
Advantages of a mammogram
- helps detect the cancer
earlier which makes it
easier to remove it.
- Women ages 50 to 69 who
take part in screening are
at a lower risk of dying
from breast cancer
Disadvantages of a mammogram
- false positives - when the
cancer is detected but the test
does not reveal the presence
of the cancer- and over
diagnosis - the screening
detects the cancer but it would
have never been there if the
patient hadn’t been screened.-
Benefits and Drawbacks
Advantages of a Colonoscopy
- Detects colorectal cancer
- Can help find
gastrointestinal and bowel
diseases
- Helps with the removal of
Polyps (tumors that grow
inside the large intestine
and rectum.)
Disadvantages of a Colonoscopy
- It is an uncomfortable and
invasive procedure (most
people are put to sleep during
this procedure)
- Preparation requires the
patient to be on a certain diet
and laxatives a day before
- Can cause bleeding
Benefits and Drawbacks
Advantages of a Pap Test
- Regular Pap tests can
prevent nine out of
ten cervical cancers
Disadvantages of a Pap Test
- Not 100% accurate
- may not always detect
cell changes
- Uncomfortable
How is the procedure preformed/ What is the science behind it?
Breast Cancer Screening- Clinical Breast Exam – The doctor will carefully
feel the breast and under the arms for lumps. If there is a lump it might be a tumor and needs to be checked with a mammogram.
- Mammogram – The breast is placed on a flat support plate and is compressed with a parallel plate (paddle). An X-ray machine produces small bursts of X-rays that passes through the breast to a detector on the opposite side. Areas of low density such as fatty tissues appear translucent but areas of dense tissues like connective tissue, or tumors appear whiter.
How is the procedure preformed/ what is the science behind it ?
Breast Cancer Screening Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – You
take off all clothes and jewelry you’re put on a tiny slab and pushed into a hole in the machine you lie still while the machine scans you’re body. The machine uses a magnet, radio waves and a computer to make detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The MRI like a mammography takes a picture but it is much more clear and is used for people with high risk of breast cancer.
Clinical Breast Exam (Top Left), Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI- (Bottom Right)
How is the procedure preformed/ What is the science behind it?
Colorectal Cancer Screening Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) – This is a
simple blood test that can be taken in your own home. If the test result is positive it doesn’t mean you have colon cancer but it should be followed up with a colonoscopy.
Colonoscopy – Examination of the lining of the rectum and colon using a long flexible tube with a camera on the end. The camera sends images to a screen and the doctor can spot the tumor or cancer.
How is the procedure preformed/ What is the science behind it?
Cervical Cancer Screening Pap Test – Looks for abnormal cell changes in the
cervix. An instrument called a speculum is gently inserted in the vagina. Cells can be taken from the cervix and are sent to a lab to be examined.
Skin Cancer Screening Skin Exams – If an area of the skin looks
abnormal, a biopsy is usually done. The doctor will remove suspicious tissue with a local excision. A pathologist then looks at your tissue under a microscope to check for any cancer cells.
How Cancer Screening Affects the Well-Being of the Society?
Many people suffer from cancer around the
world. There are some people who can afford
cancer screenings. But, some Latino Patients are
affected with very significant issues such as
economical problems, cultural beliefs, and more.
How cancer Screening Affects the Well-Being of the Society?
Economical Problems Many immigrants in the U.S.A. are unaware of breast, colon and
cervical cancer screening programs. That is because the program is
limited, though it is free.
Working cancer patients do not get their treatment done, sine
they’re unable to get off from work; they worry about income loss
or getting fired from work
Scared for getting unhealthy diagnosis, which means, emotional
and financial burden on the family. If children are sick, they will be
taken to the doctor, regardless of financial or practical constraints.
How cancer Screening Affects the Well-Being of the Society?
Cultural Beliefs Many women are emotionally challenged, they fear to
visit the doctor. They are responsible for their home and family so they cannot afford any disease.
When a woman is diagnosed with cancer and enters treatment, her role is changing from someone who gives care to someone who needs care. In addition to keeping multiple appointments, the side effects from therapy such as nausea and fatigue may keep a woman from her established role in the family.
How cancer Screening Affects the Well-Being of the Society?
Men, have little knowledge about cooking and other responsibilities towards home. But men who act as head of the household are afraid that a diagnosis of cancer will make them appear weak to their family and will interfere in their ability to care for them.
Fears about time missed from work, loss of income, inability to support dependent family back home, unaffordable medical care, and overwhelming language and cultural barriers, may cause men to delay seeing the doctor until they are very sick.
If diagnosed with a serious illness, a man may keep the illness from loved ones as long as possible for fear of burdening them. This may cause feelings of isolation, loneliness, and depression and may affect his treatment and healing process
Social and Ethical Issues
Social Although most cancer screening tests are non-
invasive or essentially invasive, some involve small risks of serious complications that may be critical (e.g.., perforation with colonoscopy)
Another, harm is the false-positive test result, which can lead to anxiety and unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. These invasive procedures carry higher risks of serious problems.
A slighter known harm is over diagnosis False-negative screening test delays diagnosis
and effective treatment.
Social and Ethical Issues
Ethical Some doctors rig the information of
their patients Some patients involuntarily take the
screenings Patients may not be told the risks of
the screenings and the cancer
Social and Ethical Issues
Social Issues Possible Solutions Make sure they tell the patients all about the
cancer screening and let them know that the tests are not 100% accurate.
Ethical Issues Possible Solutions There should be more than one person
checking a test to make sure no funny business is going on
The cancer should be explained to the patient thoroughly
Canadian Cancer Screening Participation Statistics
Bibliography Skin Cancer Screening (PDQ®) - National Cancer Institute .(n.d.).Comprehensive
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Breast Cancer Screening. (n.d.). Cancer Care Ontario. Retrieved September
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Cervical Screening. (n.d.). Cancer Care Ontario. Retrieved October 1, 2013,
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Colorectal Cancer Screening. (n.d.). Cancer Care Ontario. Retrieved August 5,
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screening/early-detection-and-screening/screening/screening-for-colorectal-cancer/?
region=on
Bibliography
Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Cancer Screening, Early Detection and Care in the Latino Population — EthnoMed. (n.d.). Feature: October/November 2013 — EthnoMed. Retrieved October 16, 2013, from http://ethnomed.org/clinical/cancer/cultural-and-socioeconomic-factors-affecting-cancer-screening-early-detection-and-care-in-the-latino-population
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/HealthProfessional/page1
Ethical issues particular to screening. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Part3-PracticeImprovingHealth/Chapter9Screening/Ethicalissuesparticulartoscreening
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://thesaurus.com/
Bibliography http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/screening http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/
HealthProfessional/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_screening http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/resources/features/
WorldCancerDay/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/71204-pros-cons-having-
colonoscopy/ http://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/sujets/santepub/pqdcs/index.php?
avantages-limites-inconvenients-mammographie-en http://www.gihealth.com/html/education/colonpolyps.html
Organized Breast Cancer Screening Programs in Canada - Report on Program Performance in 2003 and 2004. (n.d.).Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) | Agence de la sante publique du Canada (ASPC). Retrieved October 19, 2013, from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/2008/obcsp-podcs-03-04/participation-eng.php