Carbohydrate

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Carbohydrate

CarbohydratesEnergy Food

Starch, Sugar

Least Expensive

Plentiful Available

Easily Digested

Organic Compound,CnH2nOn

Widely distributed in plant food.

9/5/20162 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Composition of Carbohydrates

Single Sugar Unit – Glucose

Combine Sugar – Starch

Fiber is Carbohydrate – Not provide Energy

Can not digested by Human

It is Known as Cellulose and Roughage

Pectin - Fruits – Jam.


Classification of Carbohydrates

Classification of

Carbohydrates

Simple

Monosaccharide

Aldose

Trioses, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose

Ketoses

FructoseDisaccharide

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Complex

Starch, Glycogen

Homopolysaccharide Starch, Dextrin

Hetropolysaccharide Hyaluronic acid


Monosaccharide

One Sugar Unit

Important Single Sugar are Glucose, Fructose,

Galactose

Glucose (Dextrose):

Give Energy for body Activity

It is primary Fuel of Cell

It usually not found in Diet (Corn Syrup)

Produce from Starch.


Monosaccharide

Fructose:

Fruit, Honey

Sweetest of Simple Sugar

Soft drink, Ready to use Cereals, Desserts

Galactose:

Milk Sugar


Characteristics of Monosaccharide

Are Simple Single Sugar

Which require no Digestion

Quickly absorbed from Intestine to

Blood and carried to the Liver

In Liver Converted into Glycogen and

stored.


Disaccharide

Are Simple Double Sugar

Which Link with two Single Sugar

Important Disaccharides are Sucrose,

Lactose &Maltose

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

e.g. Sugar, Brown Sugar

Sugarcane, Sugar beet.


Disaccharide

Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

e.g. Milk Sugar

Lactose is less soluble

Less Sweet than Sucrose

Maltose = Glucose + Glcose

Starch => Maltose => Glucose

Sugar alcohols such Sorbitol

Used in Candies, Beverages.9/5/20169 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Polysaccharide Starch = (Glucose)n

e.g. Cereals, Legumes, Tubers

Glycogen = (Glucose)n

Animal Food

Stored in Liver & Muscles

Fiber :

Plant food –Vegetable, Fruits,Grains

Not digested by Human

e.g. Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectins, Gums,

Lignin.9/5/201610 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Complex - Polysaccharides

Starches – Large molecule

of glucose

Requires longer to digest

Glucose available slower

Ex: Cereal grains, corn,

peas, potatoes, squash,

legumes


Fiber

Insoluble Fiber

• Cellulose

• Hemicellulose

• Lignin

Occurrence

• Cell wall

• Secretion & Cell

• Woody part of plants

Source

• Wheat flour, Bran

• Bran & Gram

• Vegetables, Fruits &Wheat


Fiber

Soluble Fiber

• Gums

• Pectins

Occurrence

• Special Cell Secretion

• Woody part of plants

Source

• Oats, Legumes, Guar, Barley

• Apple, Guavas, Citrus Fruits


Action of Fiber in the Body

Insoluble Fiber

• Accelerate GI Transit

• Increase Fecal Weight

• Promotes bowel movement

• Slow Starch Hydrolysis

• Delays Glucose Absorption.

Soluble Fiber

• Delays GI Transit

• Lowers blood Cholesterols

• Delays Glucose absorption.


Caloric Value of Carbohydrates

4 kcal/ gm

Energy needed for Physical Activity, Work of cell,

Brain Function

40% of Total energy should from Carbohydrate

India 60-80 % energy from Carbohydrate

In Developed Country 30-40 % energy from

Carbohydrate


Source of Carbohydrates

Sugar :

Honey, Fruits, Soft Drink, Milk, Sugar,

Starch:

Cereals, Pasta, Flour, Bread, Potatoes, Root Vege.,

Pulses

Fiber: Cereals, Bran, Outer skin of Fruits &

Vege., Brown rice, Oatmeals

Pectin: Fruits.


Source of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Food Source

Glucose Fruits, Honey, Corn Syrup

Fructose Fruits, Honey

Galactose Milk

Maltose Backed Starch

Sucrose Cane & Beat Sugar

Lactose Milk Product

Starch & Dextrin Grains, Root & Tubers, Legumes

Glycogen Meat Product, Sea Food

Cellulose Vegetables, Outer coat of Seed

Pectin & Gums Fruits, Plant Secretion, seeds.9/5/201617 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Function of Carbohydrates

Energy Supply

Brain, Cell

Spare Proteins

Synthesis of Substances

Non-essential Amino acids

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

Promote complete lipid metabolism

Provide Bulk Fiber in the Diet.


Function of Carbohydrates

Energy Supply for body function

Essential for the Oxidation of Fats

Proteins sparing action

Provide Carbon for synthesis of Non-essential Amino acids

Are present in some tissue Constituents

Add flavour to Diet

Nucleic acid of Connective tissue Matrix, Galactosides of

Nerve Tissue

Necessary for proper functioning of CNS

Adequate hepatic Glycogen Storage enhances normal liver

detoxification ability.


Digestion of Carbohydrates

Mouth :Chewing – Breaks up food

Saliva - Amylase

Pancreatic Amylase

Intestinal Amylase

Dietary Carbohydrate/

StarchAmylase

Maltose + Isomaltose


Digestion of Carbohydrates

Small Intestine

Maltose → Maltase → Glucose + Glucose

Lactose → Lactase → Glucose + Galactose

Sucrose → Surcease → Glucose + Fructose.



Carbohydrate

Storage :

Glucose → In Liver & Muscle → Glycogen

Metabolism :

• Anabolism

1. Glucose → Glycogen

2. Glucose → Fat (Lipogenesis)

• Catabolism

1. Glucose → ATP

2. Glycogen → Glucose.


Malnutrition of CarbohydrateDeficiency :

Low body weight

Accumulation of large amount of ketone

bodies in the body

Overconsumption :

• Increase dental caries

• Cause Obesity

• Large amount of sugar – Gastric ulcer

• Depress appetite – Soft Drink

• Increase blood Triglyceride – Lead to Heart

Disease.9/5/201624 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com


Education

Carbohydrate