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CAT Module Information Management
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Information for Management Control
CAT
Computer hardware and software
1. Hardware1. Hardware
2. Networks and communications2. Networks and communications
3. Software3. Software
A Computer
Computer definition A computer is a device which will accept
input data, process it or output the results Input Process Output
Hardware
Types of computer
Supercomputers
Mainframe computers
Minicomputers
Microcomputers
Hardware
Common descriptions of
computers
File servers
Portables
Macs
Workstations
Processor or CPU Chips MHz, cycles and clock
speed The bus Memory Bits and bytes
PC parts and specifications
New Perspectives on Microsoft Office 2007: Windows Vista Edition
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Data Representation
Binary digits (bits) A series of eight bits is called a byte
Kilobyte (KB or K) Gigabyte (GB) Terabyte (TB)
Computer Hardware
Central Processing Unit - also called “The Chip”, a CPU, a processor, or a microprocessor
Memory (RAM) Storage Devices Input Devices Output Devices
New Perspectives on Microsoft Office 2007: Windows Vista Edition
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Memory
Random access memory (RAM) Volatile memory
Cache memory (RAM cache or CPU cache)
Virtual memory
New Perspectives on Microsoft Office 2007: Windows Vista Edition
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Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) BIOS (basic input/output system) Nonvolatile memory
Cache
An input device captures data and sends it to a computer system.
Input devices convert physical movement, such as key pressing, or environmental data, such as temperature, sound or light into electrical signals.
There are two types of input device: manual andautomatic.
Input Devices
A manual input device requires a human hand tocontrol it…
Mouse
Keyboard
Scanner
Camera
Input Devices
Tracker ball
Joystick Graphics tablet
A manual input device requires a human hand tocontrol it…
Input Devices
An automatic input device inputs data without the need for human intervention (once the device has been set up), e.g. MICR, OMR, barcode reader, webcam, microphone, sensor.
Microphone
Webcam
Barcode reader &EPOS
Input Devices
Automatic Input Devices
A magnetic strip is just a thin band of magnetic tape similar to the tape inside a music cassette.
The most common place you’ll come across a magnetic strip is on the back of a credit or debit card.
Magnetic strips are also used on identity cards and electronic key cards in hotels and businesses. Often a PIN is needed.
Automatic Input Devices
Optical Mark Recognition or OMR uses an input device called an optical mark reader to detect marks made in certain places on specially printed forms.
OMR is used to input data from things like answer sheets for multiple choice exams, registration forms in schools and National Lottery playslips.
Automatic Input Devices
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition or MICR uses an input device called a magnetic ink character reader to input characters that have been printed in special magnetic ink
Banks use MICR to process cheques because it is a very secure input method.
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Speech recognition is a type of input in which the computer recognizes words spoken into a microphone
Special software and a microphone are required
Speech Recognition
Output DevicesOutput Devices
Monitor Speakers
Plotter
Headphones
Printer
Storage Technology
Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and save instructions and data.
Today’s microcomputers or PCs include several types of storage devices.
Capacity and speed are important considerations when selecting a new storage device for a PC.
New Perspectives on Microsoft Office 2007: Windows Vista Edition
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Storage Media
Flash memory Flash memory cards USB flash storage device USB drive (flash drive)
Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drives Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or
billions of bytes). Typically permanently installed. Used to store operating system,
application software, utilities and data. Magnetic storage device.
Learn more about how a hard disk drive works from How Stuff Works website.
Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives Typically installed on all new computer
systems. (Were add-on device until the mid 1990’s).
Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes).
Most mass-produced commercial software is packaged on a CD.
Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives Used more often now for backup storage
as CD-RW (read/write) technology has become less expensive.
Data is read from CD by a laser. Optical storage device.
Learn how to write data, images, and audio to a CD from Kodak’s website.
Storage Devices
Other Types of Drives Zip Drives – Several different capacities are
available. Tape Drives – Generally used for system
backups, becoming less common. DVD drives – Can also read CDs, now more
common as a standard device on new computer systems.
Learn more about specific hardware components and their functions from Tom’s Hardware.
Storage Technology
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape. They have a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years, depending on the device.
Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on the disk surface. They have an unlimited life-span.
CPU Types
CPU or microprocessor is often described as the brain of a computer.
CPU is an integrated circuit or “chip” which processes instructions and data.
CPU types. Intel Pentium II, III, IV Intel Celeron AMD Athlon
CPU types
CPU speed is measured by the number of completed instruction cycles per second
Currently, CPU speeds range from 600 megahertz (MHz or million cycles per second) to 4 gigahertz (GHz or billion cycles per second).
Always check new software’s requirements for CPU type and speed before purchasing
Watch an animated illustration of a CPU at work.
Microcomputer Platforms
All microcomputers are based on a small number of designs (interior architecture) or computer platforms.
PC architecture is based on the first IBM microcomputers. Generally, PCs use Microsoft Windows as their operating system.
Apple computers or Macs are based on proprietary architecture manufactured exclusively by Apple Computer, Inc.
Microcomputer Platforms
Compatibility refers to computers that operate in essentially the same way.
Compatibility across platforms is limited! You must know which platform your computer runs on before purchasing software.
All software is designed for a specific platform.
Windows, Mac or Unix versions
Memory (RAM)
RAM or Random Access Memory “Waiting room” for computer’s CPU. Holds instructions for processing data,
processed data, and raw data. Ram is measured by:
Capacity (in Megabytes or Gigabytes) Speed (in Nanoseconds)
Memory (RAM)
Amount of RAM installed will determine.Which software applications will run (efficiently)?How many software applications can be open
simultaneously (multitasking ability)? RAM upgrades are cost-effective and
easy to install.Check your computer manual for RAM type (DIMM, SDRAM) and speed (100, 90ns).
Memory (RAM)
All software applications will have RAM specifications listed on their packaging.
Many applications list both a minimum and a recommended amount of RAM necessary to run the software.
Be cautious about buying software for a system based on minimum requirement.
Visit the Memory Technology Exhibit at Intel’s Virtual museum.
Storage Technology
Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and save instructions and data.
Today’s microcomputers or PCs include several types of storage devices.
Capacity and speed are important considerations when selecting a new storage device for a PC.
Storage Technology
Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape. They have a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years, depending on the device.
Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on the disk surface. They have an unlimited life-span.
Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drives Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or
billions of bytes). Typically permanently installed. Used to store operating system,
application software, utilities and data. Magnetic storage device.
Learn more about how a hard disk drive works from How Stuff Works website.
Storage Devices
Floppy Disk Drives Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0
megabytes (MB or millions of bytes). Storage device with the
smallest capacity Most portable storage media
Magnetic storage device.
Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives Typically installed on all new computer
systems. (Were add-on device until the mid 1990’s).
Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes).
Most mass-produced commercial software is packaged on a CD.
Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives Used more often now for backup storage
as CD-RW (read/write) technology has become less expensive.
Data is read from CD by a laser. Optical storage device.
Learn how to write data, images, and audio to a CD from Kodak’s website.
Storage Devices
Other Types of Drives Zip Drives – Several different capacities are
available. Tape Drives – Generally used for system
backups, becoming less common. DVD drives – Can also read CDs, now more
common as a standard device on new computer systems.
Learn more about specific hardware components and their functions from Tom’s Hardware.
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Networks
A network connects one computer to other computers and peripheral devices, enabling you to share data and resources with others
Network interface card (NIC) LAN WAN
Networks
Local Area Network (LAN) – a network located in a limited area. LANs are found in most businesses. Many campuses use LANs.
A network interface card (NIC) – a key hardware component. Connects a workstation to the network. A circuit board that sends data between the
workstation and the network.
Networking Topology
Bus Network
Networking Topology
Star Network
Networking Topology
Ring Network
Networking Topology
Mesh Network
Client Server Architecture
A network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server.
Source: http://webopedia.lycos.com
Applications that run on computers Rely on servers for
Files Devices Processing power
Example: E-mail client An application that enables you to send and
receive e-mail
Clients
Clients are Applications
Servers
Computers or processes that manage network resources Disk drives (file servers) Printers (print servers) Network traffic (network servers)
Example: Database Server A computer system that processes database
queries
Servers Manage Resources
Communication Networks
Networks Connect Clients and Servers
Client–Server Computing
Process takes place on the server and on the client
Servers Store and protect data Process requests from clients
Clients Make requests Format data on the desktop
Client-Server Computing Optimizes Computing
Resources
Application Functions
Software application functions are separated into three distinct parts
Client: Presentation & Application Logic
Server:Data Management
A Communications Model
Source generates data to be transmitted
Transmitter Converts data into transmittable signals
Transmission System Carries data
Receiver Converts received signal into data
Destination Takes incoming data
Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
Computer Software
Computer software is the key to productive use of computers. Software can be categorized into two types:
Operating system software Application software.
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Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer how to perform the functions of loading, storing and executing an application and how to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating system that has a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon symbols to help the user. Microsoft Windows 98 is a widely used graphical operating system. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an older but still widely used operating system that is text-based.
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Operating System Categories
Four categories: Real-time (RTOS) Single-user, single-task Single-user, multitask Multiuser
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Real-Time Operating Systems
Systems with a specific purpose and a certain result
Uses include: Industrial machines Robotic devices Automobiles Video game consoles Home appliances
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Single-User Operating Systems
Single-task systems Perform one task at a time PDAs:
Pocket PC Palm OS Windows Mobile
MS-DOS
Multitask systems Perform simultaneous tasks Windows Mac OS Linux
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Multiuser Operating Systems
Known as network operating systems Allow access to the computer system by more
than one user Manage user requests Systems include:
Linux UNIX Unicos Windows Server 2008 Windows Vista Mac OS X i5/OS z/OS
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Desktop and Notebook Operating Systems
An operating system combined with a processor is known as a platform.
Microsoft Windows/Intel Apple Macintosh/Motorola
Desktop and notebook operating systems include:
Microsoft Windows Mac OS Linux UNIX
Microsoft Windows
Windows Vista(2007)
• This newest version of Windows, which comes in many versions, provides tighter security and improved graphical capabilities.
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Mac OS
First commercially available OS with point-and-click technology (graphical user interface)
Excellent in: Graphics display Processing capabilities System reliability File backup utilities Document recovery
Fewer software applications available than for Windows
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Linux
Open source operating system
Based on UNIX Stable system Free May be
downloaded from the Internet
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Operating Systems for Servers and Mainframes
Servers Manage network resources
Mainframes Handle requests from hundreds or thousands
of users simultaneously Operating systems:
Windows Server Unix
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UNIX
Multiuser, multitask operating system Used primarily with mainframes
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What the OS Does
Provides a user interface Manages the CPU Manages memory and storage Manages hardware and peripheral
devices Coordinates application software
with the CPU
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The User Interface
Enables you to interact with the computer
Types of interfaces: Command-driven
interface Menu-driven interface Graphical user interface
(GUI)
Command-driven
THE BASICS
Using Computers
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PC operation and troubleshooting
Before you turn your PC on What happens when you turn on your PC? Turning your PC off PC doesn’t boot correctly Common PC problems and error messages
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The Desktop
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Windows
Title bar Close button
Ribbon
Minimize button
Maximize/Restore button
Scrollbar
Document view options
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File Management
The operating system provides an organizational structure for the computer’s contents.
Hierarchical structure of directories: Drives
Folders Subfolders
Files
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File Management
Files and folders inside MGT 111 Spring folder
Navigation pane with links to favorite folders
Folders presented in a hierarchical structure
Click to display the Searches Folder
MGT 111 Spring folder selected
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Working with Files
File management actions: Open Copy Move Rename Delete
Recycle Bin
E-Mail - Electronic Mail
Send mail electronically via the Internet Requires an account on a mail server and
supporting software on your PC The username and password will allow
you to access your account All e-mail programs allow you to Send,
Compose, Reply, and Forward mail
Obtaining an E-mail Account
You will need an e-mail server (post office) in order to send and receive e-mail.
You can obtain an account in school You can pay for an account through an ISP such
as AOL You can get free accounts:
www.hotmail.com www.yahoo.com
The Mail Folders
Inbox – new messages as well as messages that have been read
Outbox – messages not yet sent Sent items – messages that have been sent
(moved here from outbox) Deleted items – messages deleted from any
folder Custom folders – additional folders created by
the user
An E-mail Address
Every e-mail address is unique and consists of two parts, a user name and a host computer
The @ sign is required The host computer can be omitted if you
are logged onto the same network or host computer
Additional E-mail Capabilities Address Book
Contains the e-mail addresses of frequent contacts
Enables you to enter an alias; e.g., “Bob” instead of the complete address
Distribution List A set of e-mail addresses stored under one
name Ideal for your professor to e-mail the class
The Internet
What is it? A large network of computers Worldwide communication through standards Standards allow computers in China to
access data from Zimbabwe or New York Not like a phone line
Phones dedicate a connection even the silence The internet uses “packet switched” data.
Browsers
The browser takes all that text and uses it to create what you see on the screen.
Different browsers have different translations. Although the web tries to be uniform, things may not always display the same.
There are standards for the Web portion of the internet, but not all companies adhere to them.
Browsers
Code looks strange!
<body class="mediawiki ns-0 ltr page-Byte"><div id="globalWrapper">
<div id="column-content"><div id="content">
<a name="top" id="top"></a><h1
class="firstHeading">Byte</h1><div id="bodyContent">
<h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3>
<div id="contentSub"></div>
Modems
Basic modem sound conversion uses the normal phone line which wasn’t designed for digital data. A single line has a maximum speed of 56,000 Bytes per second, and is often slower These days 14336000000 a second is slow!
Cable modems use a more digital friendly line and can be very fast
Broadband
ADSL is Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Link (Asymmetric because download is usually much faster than upload… you do more receiving than sending so this is fine) By using frequencies much higher than
human speech it gets around the slow limit of the telephone 56,000 Bytes
Can be very fast Cable/DSL connections are “Broadband”
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the amount of data you can shove in at one time. The “Broader” your band the better.
“Broadband” is becoming common enough that browsing can be painfully slow without it.
Text is fast, images are slow A picture really IS more than a thousand
words! Color/Brightness/position…
Internet Savvy
No matter what browser you use some things will be similar The address of the internet site you are
accessing (Really you are downloading the code into your computer FROM that location
Usually displayed in a “Bar” at the top “Buttons” Forward/Back, Stop, Refresh, Home A Title Display for the webpage Menus for options or actions you can perform
What the root can tell you
.gov Government sites in the United States at any
level, city, county, state, federal etc. .org
Organization or individuals .com
Commercial (for profit) .net
Network providers
Rule of thumb
Commercial sites usually have a financial motive, treat them like a salesman when they make statements about quality or capability.
Org sites often have biases just like we all do. Remember that without some verification there are a lot of opinions that are stated as facts.
More dependable
.gov sites are usually dependable. Remember that Ketchup is a vegetable! Although the USDA never passed this into
standards… the government is far from infallible. They are still some of the best.
.edu sites are probably the most reliable but be aware of biases
Not all .com sites are sales www.cityofalabaster.com for example!
History Button shows where you’ve been!
Gateways to the Web
Search engines sift through the text on the web and try to find things that match. Different search engines bring different results back!
Two commonly used search engines www.yahoo.com www.google.com
Our library’s home page for public computers is www.yahoo.com.
What a Search Engine Isn’t
It doesn’t check content for you There are also filters that are sometimes in place that
reduce your content! It doesn’t guarantee veracity
Just like a book or a newspaper, a webpage can be wrong, or very biased
It doesn’t filter out garbage for you In fact it may be set to filter out good stuff
It can’t figure out what you really meant It only knows the letters you type and the order
Googling
Google has been such a popular search engine that people use the term as a verb Google it!
Since it is so popular, and unlike Yahoo!, isn’t categorized I’ll show you some tips and tricks
www.google.com
But wait, there's more! There are a lot more things to Google than
the basic search. The first thing to notice is the labels at the top. These change your search type.
You can click on the “advanced search” link next to the Google search box to really specify what you want.
Google Advanced
The Advanced Search link just to the right of the normal Google search bar gives you lots more control! Limit by file type (Like .ppt for power points!) or root domains!
.ORG .GOV etc.
Google Images
Images, Maps, and More!
Be Aware of your Settings! Moderate Safe Search tries to edit out offensive images from your search
The “Images” search just looks for pictures! “Web” is the default search
Search Box Tricks
“Monkey time” : would search for monkey time, in that order exactly
Monkey time : would search for any page with monkey AND time on the same page
Monkey OR time : would search for any page with monkey on it, or any page with time on it
Monkey –time would search for any page with monkey but without time (- = not)
Search Box Tips
( ) can be used to enclose a search (Monkey OR banana) time : would search for
any page with monkey or banana that ALSO has time on it.
Searches can be very exacting! (“monkey with a banana” OR “monkey in a
tree”) AND (time lunch spotted (lost OR found)) : the AND is not needed but won’t mess the search up either, and helps make it more clear ( ( stuff) ) is called “Nesting”
Neat Search Filters
www.rollyo.com Roll your own search engine
This site has some pre-made search limits like “reference” and “tech news” or you can make your own search, using sites you trust
www.alltheweb.com Searches a lot of content that text browsers miss
Owned by Yahoo!, filters by type, useful for audio and video
http://www.pipl.com/ “Deep Web” search of personal records databases
Using word processing software and spreadsheets
Using word processing software and spreadsheets
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that tell a computer how to produce information. Some of the more commonly used packages are:
Word processing Electronic spreadsheet Database Presentation graphics
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Word Processing
Word Processing software is used to create and print documents. A key advantage of word processing software is that users easily can make changes in documents.
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Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly recalculates the new results.
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Database oftware
Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in an organized and efficient manner, with flexible inquiry and reporting capabilities.
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Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphic software allows the user to create documents called slides to be used in making the presentations. Using special projection devices, the slides display as they appear on the computer screen.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Security and Integrity of Data
The Security and Integrity of Data
The security of data means the protection of data.
Security involves protecting data and software from being:
Lost losing disks, badly named Destroyed fire or flood, deletion Corrupted scratches on disk Modified written over, updated by mistake Disclosed unauthorised access
Possible threats to data security
Hacking means obtaining access to a computer system without authority.
It is now illegal. There are 3 main offences: Gaining unauthorised access Altering programs and data Gaining access to commit fraud
A computer virus is a program which copies itself without the user intending it to.
They usually affect .exe files, can delete files on a hard disk.
Macro viruses affect data in programs such as Word
Ways to protect data
A backup file is a copy of a file which is kept in case anything happens to the original file.
Can be kept on a floppy or a different hard disk Can be kept on a backup data tape
Archive files are kept in long term storage in case they are required.
Often from a back up data tape Back-up systems often use:
Grandfather – Father – Son principal
Physical safeguards for data protection
Physical safeguards for data include: Locking files in a fireproof safe To protect files being overwritten use the
write protect tab on disks & tapes Keeping unauthorised people from
entering secure areas by using locks and security passes etc.
Other safeguards
Software safeguards include giving users: A user identity and a password.
Users of this type of system have to log in and log out every time they use it.
Other safeguards include: Password individual files. Data encryption.
To encrypt data is to encode it so that it is unreadable by anyone else who does not have the ‘key’.
EXAM QUESTIONS
1. Describe how a computer hacker might do more harm than an office burglar.
2. Give two ways of protecting personal data.
3. Why is is a good idea to have at least 6 characters in a password.
