ELECTIVE GEOGRAPHYOUR CHANGING WORLD

GLOBAL TOURISMIS TOURISM THE WAY TO GO?

2016

PartIII

GATEWAY 3DEVELOPING TOURISM AT WHAT COST?

• Assess the impact of tourism on a country• Explain how tourism can be made

sustainable• Compare the role of various groups in

taking care of tourist areas

IMPACTS OF TOURISMImpacts Economic Socio-cultural Environmental

POSITIVE • Employment opportunities

• Growth in income• Increase in foreign

exchange• Infrastructure &

facilities development

• Preservation of heritage, culture & local customs

• Conservation of natural habitats

NEGATIVE • Leakage of tourism receipts

• Seasonal unemployment

• Under-use of facilities

• Shortage of facilities

• Dilution of heritage, culture & local customs

• Increased crime

• Vandalism• Littering &

pollution• Destruction of

habitat• Increased

carbon footprint• Increased

congestion

GATEWAY 3DEVELOPING TOURISM AT WHAT COST?

• Assess the impact of tourism on a country• Explain how tourism can be made

sustainable• Compare the role of various groups in

taking care of tourist areas

IMPACTS OF TOURISMImpacts Economic Socio-cultural Environmental

POSITIVE • Employment opportunities

• Growth in income• Increase in foreign

exchange• Infrastructure &

facilities development

• Preservation of heritage, culture & local customs

• Conservation of natural habitats

NEGATIVE • Leakage of tourism receipts

• Seasonal unemployment

• Under-use of facilities

• Shortage of facilities

• Dilution of heritage, culture & local customs

• Increased crime

• Vandalism• Littering &

pollution• Destruction of

habitat• Increased

carbon footprint• Increased

congestion

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Employment opportunities

• Growth in tourism industry can lead to increase in in tourism-related jobs

• Eg: airline staff, hotel staff, tour guides and tour agents, producers of souvenirs

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Other jobs are indirectly linked to tourism when they travel and consume goods & services

• Eg: taxi drivers, shop owners, restaurant waiters

• UNWTO estimated that tourism industry employed over 235 million people in 2011

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Growth in income

• Tourism leads to growth of income for individuals and a country

• Eg: fishermen on Pamilacan Island (Philippines)

• US$80 - $100 for boat trips to see whale sharks and dolphins

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Leakage of tourism receipts

• When tourism revenue is lost to other countries due to import of goods & services

• Eg: foreign hotel chains, international airline tickets

• See pg 57, fig 1.70

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Increase in foreign exchange

• Refers to money earned from other countries in exchange for goods & services

• When tourism business investments exchange their own currency for Singapore dollars

• Increases demand for S$

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Contribute to government revenue

• Directly from taxes on tourists• Indirectly from goods & services

supplied to tourists• Taxes are collected in local

currency, which increases the foreign exchange of host country

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Infrastructure development

• Refers to all supporting structures• Helps tourism to operate on a

large scale and to attract tourists (good facilities)

• Specific infrastructures may be developed for some activities

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Eg: stadium for sporting events, hospitals for medical tourism

• Rail and road networks improve general accessibility

• Developing infrastructure also creates employment for the locals

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Seasonal unemployment

• When tourist activities are dependent on climatic conditions

• Locals employed in these tourist activities may have to find alternative employment when the activities are not available

• Eg: ski resorts in summer

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Underuse of facilities

• When purpose-built facilities for certain seasons or events become too costly to maintain because of drop in tourists

• Venues and facilities become neglected

• Eg: Bird Nest and Water Cube

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Shortage of services

• Compromise of services for locals when channeled to tourist infrastructure

• Refer to examples in pg 61, fig 1.78

PITSTOP 11Pg 61Questions• 3• 4 (a), (b), (c)• 5

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Culture – includes morals, beliefs, heritage and customs

• Heritage – beliefs, values and customs

• Eg: buildings, monuments, art and language

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Customs – traditional ways of doings things and behaving

• Eg: person-to-person greeting, practices during wedding ceremonies, practices during meals

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Preservation of local culture

• Protect the way people live• Preserved historic and cultural

sites are more attractive to tourists• Enhances locals’ national identity,

and sense of history & belonging

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Revenue generated from tourism can be used to fund the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage

• Eg: entry fees to Angkor Wat complex can fund repairs and conservation works

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Dilution of local culture

• Identity, culture and values can be lost when tourism becomes a major activity or when it is too commercialised

• Tourist activities may force original local inhabitants to other places

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Examples:

• Buildings converted to host tourists

• Mass production of local crafts• Shortened rituals to fit itineraries• Locals displayed as ‘exhibits’• Reduced authenticity &

significance

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Increased crime rates

• High crime rates tend to occur at popular tourist locations

• Mugging: an assault upon a person with intention to rob

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Tourist traps:• Overpriced goods: goods &

services sold at inflated prices• Scams: to cheat or swindle with

intention of making quick profits• Tourist traps can refer to

locations where scams are common too

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Conservation of natural environments• Revenue and profits generated

from tourism can contribute to conservation of natural environments

• Recall ‘Ecotourism’ and 6 principles

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Increased congestion• Popular areas can attract large

number of tourists• Some attractions in remote locations

cannot handle the amount of traffic• Cause pedestrian and vehicular

congestion (air pollution)

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Vandalism• The deliberate act of defacing and

damaging cultural, historical and natural sites belonging to other people

• Eg: removing wall pieces from Berlin Wall

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Pollution and littering• Caused by improper waste

management• Tourists can leave behind large

quantities of waste matter• Eg: plastic bottles and food

packaging

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Destruction of habitats• Natural environments can be

overwhelmed by the large number of tourists

• Eg: Trampling of plants, collecting samples as souvenirs, increased noise level

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

Take nothing except photographsLeave nothing except footprints

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Increased carbon footprint• More greenhouse gases emitted

due to tourist activities• Eg: flight from Singapore to KL

releases 30kg of CO2 per passenger

PITSTOP 12Pg 66Questions• 2• 4• 6• 8 (a), (b)

MANAGING IMPACTS OF TOURISM

• Conservation and sustainable tourism

• Tension between tourists and locals

• Tension between tourists and environment

MANAGING IMPACTS OF TOURISM

Needs of tourists

Condition of the site

Concerns of locals

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

• Conservation involves careful management of resources such that they would not be depleted

• Important for fragile environments

• Eg: coral reefs and mangroves

• Sustainable Tourism• Tourism organised such that:

• the environment is not damaged

• the locals do not experience negative impacts

• the needs of tourists are met

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

• Sustainable Tourism also involves minimum leakage of revenue through• Training locals to perform skilled

tourism jobs• Develop homestays where visitors

can pay locals directly• Promoting local F&B in restaurants

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

• UNESCO – UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation• Provide funding to threatened sites• World Heritage Sites: 12 (1978) to

1,000 (2012)• Well-protected sites ensure steady

arrival and repeated returns of tourists

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

TENSION BETWEEN TOURISTS AND LOCALS

• Conflict between needs of the tourists and needs of the locals

• Eg: tourists wearing skimpy clothing and public displays of affection make locals uncomfortable

• Eg: Bali (read page 69 & 70!)

TENSION BETWEEN TOURISTS AND ENVIRONMENT

• Conflict between needs of the tourists and needs to conserve the environment

• Tourist arrivals damage the environment, however the revenue also contribute to the conservation of the site

• Eg: Machu Picchu, Peru (read page 70 & 71!)

• Government authorities plan an important role• Limit number of visitors to

minimise congestion (recall Waitomo Caves)

• Witholding permission to projects that could harm the environment

MEASURES TO MANAGE TENSIONS

• Employing staff to carry out maintenance and repair

• Holding discussions with locals to address their needs

• Restricting some locals-only areas

MEASURES TO MANAGE TENSIONS

• Local communities• Visitors• Tour operators• Non-governmental organisations• Planning authorities

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS GROUPS

• Group of people in the same territory or community

• Have interests in protecting tourist areas for economic benefits

• Community-based tourism: tourism with close contact with locals communities

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• Eg: Candirejo Village, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia

• 2003: set up tourism-related programmes

• Developed homestays and organic farming, organised local transport

• Trained villagers to tourism-related work (catering, guides)

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• 2004: 22 homestays, 22 andongs, 6 local restaurants

• 2002: 10 homestays, 5 andongs, 0 local restaurants

• Created 63 new jobs, 5 new businesses

• 12.5% increase in average income per villager

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• Involves locals in decision-making

• Increase in tourism-related employment & businesses for locals

• Difficulty in obtaining external funding

• Shortage of skilled labour

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• Have responsibility to respect both the environment and the locals

• Consider the conservation efforts of tourist site

• Visitors can feel their visit is more rewarding when they know they have minimised their damage on the environment

VISITORS (TOURISTS)

• Fund conservation & preservation• Provide income locals• Raise awareness to conserve

and preserve attractions• Damage tourist attractions• Dilute local culture & customs

VISITORS (TOURISTS)

• Have interest in protecting environments visited by tourists

• Tourists unlikely to visit places with spoilt landscapes, reduced biodiversity and deteriorated cultures

• Eg: Phuket Alternative Tours (PAT) in 2006

TOUR OPERATORS

• Tour operators required to commit to an Environmental & Cultural Code of Practice• Operate in an environmentally

sustainable way• Seek to enhance the natural

environment and the way the industry uses it

• Create awareness about conservation to visitors

TOUR OPERATORS

• Provide feedback on tourist attractions

• Regulate tourist behaviour• Need to generate profits

TOUR OPERATORS

• NGOs are non-profit and operate independent of governments

• Eg: TIES (recall Ecotourism)• Developed guidelines, conducted

training, provide technical assistance, published papers

• Works with travel associations and conservation groups in 124 countries

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORG.

• Facilitate communication between various stakeholders

• Support stakeholders in managing impact of tourism

• Difficulty in obtaining external funding

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORG.

• Able to influence the quality of environments and how many visitors the site can cope with

• Allocating space for infrastructure• Eg: Singapore Tourism Board• Balance between attracting

visitors and conserving Singapore’s national heritage

PLANNING AUTHORITIES

• Implement programmes to conserve and enhancing ethnic districts of Singapore

• Chinatown, Kampong Glam and Little India

PLANNING AUTHORITIES

• Develop and maintain infrastructure & attractions

• Draft laws and policies• Work with other government

agencies• Difficult to plan for unforseen

factors• Opposing stakeholders

PLANNING AUTHORITIES

CHECKPOINTPg 53

Questions• 2• 6• 10 (Open-ended question)• 12 (Open-ended question)• 13 (a), (b)• 14 (a), (b)

TOURISM IN SINGAPORE• Page 76 to 80• You should be able to:

• Discuss the tourist activities in Singapore• Locate the tourist sites and attracts• Explain how tourism has impacted S’pore• Explain how these impacts are being

managed• Explain why tourism is a vital sector of

Singapore’s economy

END OF CHAPTER

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Employment opportunities

• Growth in tourism industry can lead to increase in in tourism-related jobs

• Eg: airline staff, hotel staff, tour guides and tour agents, producers of souvenirs

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Other jobs are indirectly linked to tourism when they travel and consume goods & services

• Eg: taxi drivers, shop owners, restaurant waiters

• UNWTO estimated that tourism industry employed over 235 million people in 2011

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Growth in income

• Tourism leads to growth of income for individuals and a country

• Eg: fishermen on Pamilacan Island (Philippines)

• US$80 - $100 for boat trips to see whale sharks and dolphins

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Leakage of tourism receipts

• When tourism revenue is lost to other countries due to import of goods & services

• Eg: foreign hotel chains, international airline tickets

• See pg 57, fig 1.70

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Increase in foreign exchange

• Refers to money earned from other countries in exchange for goods & services

• When tourism business investments exchange their own currency for Singapore dollars

• Increases demand for S$

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Contribute to government revenue

• Directly from taxes on tourists• Indirectly from goods & services

supplied to tourists• Taxes are collected in local

currency, which increases the foreign exchange of host country

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Infrastructure development

• Refers to all supporting structures• Helps tourism to operate on a

large scale and to attract tourists (good facilities)

• Specific infrastructures may be developed for some activities

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC

• Eg: stadium for sporting events, hospitals for medical tourism

• Rail and road networks improve general accessibility

• Developing infrastructure also creates employment for the locals

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Seasonal unemployment

• When tourist activities are dependent on climatic conditions

• Locals employed in these tourist activities may have to find alternative employment when the activities are not available

• Eg: ski resorts in summer

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Underuse of facilities

• When purpose-built facilities for certain seasons or events become too costly to maintain because of drop in tourists

• Venues and facilities become neglected

• Eg: Bird Nest and Water Cube

IMPACTS OF TOURISM - ECONOMIC• Shortage of services

• Compromise of services for locals when channeled to tourist infrastructure

• Refer to examples in pg 61, fig 1.78

PITSTOP 11Pg 61Questions• 3• 4 (a), (b), (c)• 5

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Culture – includes morals, beliefs, heritage and customs

• Heritage – beliefs, values and customs

• Eg: buildings, monuments, art and language

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Customs – traditional ways of doings things and behaving

• Eg: person-to-person greeting, practices during wedding ceremonies, practices during meals

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Preservation of local culture

• Protect the way people live• Preserved historic and cultural

sites are more attractive to tourists• Enhances locals’ national identity,

and sense of history & belonging

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Revenue generated from tourism can be used to fund the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage

• Eg: entry fees to Angkor Wat complex can fund repairs and conservation works

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Dilution of local culture

• Identity, culture and values can be lost when tourism becomes a major activity or when it is too commercialised

• Tourist activities may force original local inhabitants to other places

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Examples:

• Buildings converted to host tourists

• Mass production of local crafts• Shortened rituals to fit itineraries• Locals displayed as ‘exhibits’• Reduced authenticity &

significance

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL• Increased crime rates

• High crime rates tend to occur at popular tourist locations

• Mugging: an assault upon a person with intention to rob

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – SOCIO-CULTURAL

• Tourist traps:• Overpriced goods: goods &

services sold at inflated prices• Scams: to cheat or swindle with

intention of making quick profits• Tourist traps can refer to

locations where scams are common too

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Conservation of natural environments• Revenue and profits generated

from tourism can contribute to conservation of natural environments

• Recall ‘Ecotourism’ and 6 principles

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Increased congestion• Popular areas can attract large

number of tourists• Some attractions in remote locations

cannot handle the amount of traffic• Cause pedestrian and vehicular

congestion (air pollution)

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Vandalism• The deliberate act of defacing and

damaging cultural, historical and natural sites belonging to other people

• Eg: removing wall pieces from Berlin Wall

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Pollution and littering• Caused by improper waste

management• Tourists can leave behind large

quantities of waste matter• Eg: plastic bottles and food

packaging

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Destruction of habitats• Natural environments can be

overwhelmed by the large number of tourists

• Eg: Trampling of plants, collecting samples as souvenirs, increased noise level

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

Take nothing except photographsLeave nothing except footprints

IMPACTS OF TOURISM – ENVIRONMENTAL

• Increased carbon footprint• More greenhouse gases emitted

due to tourist activities• Eg: flight from Singapore to KL

releases 30kg of CO2 per passenger

PITSTOP 12Pg 66Questions• 2• 4• 6• 8 (a), (b)

MANAGING IMPACTS OF TOURISM

• Conservation and sustainable tourism

• Tension between tourists and locals

• Tension between tourists and environment

MANAGING IMPACTS OF TOURISM

Needs of tourists

Condition of the site

Concerns of locals

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

• Conservation involves careful management of resources such that they would not be depleted

• Important for fragile environments

• Eg: coral reefs and mangroves

• Sustainable Tourism• Tourism organised such that:

• the environment is not damaged

• the locals do not experience negative impacts

• the needs of tourists are met

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

• Sustainable Tourism also involves minimum leakage of revenue through• Training locals to perform skilled

tourism jobs• Develop homestays where visitors

can pay locals directly• Promoting local F&B in restaurants

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

• UNESCO – UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation• Provide funding to threatened sites• World Heritage Sites: 12 (1978) to

1,000 (2012)• Well-protected sites ensure steady

arrival and repeated returns of tourists

CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

TENSION BETWEEN TOURISTS AND LOCALS

• Conflict between needs of the tourists and needs of the locals

• Eg: tourists wearing skimpy clothing and public displays of affection make locals uncomfortable

• Eg: Bali (read page 69 & 70!)

TENSION BETWEEN TOURISTS AND ENVIRONMENT

• Conflict between needs of the tourists and needs to conserve the environment

• Tourist arrivals damage the environment, however the revenue also contribute to the conservation of the site

• Eg: Machu Picchu, Peru (read page 70 & 71!)

• Government authorities plan an important role• Limit number of visitors to

minimise congestion (recall Waitomo Caves)

• Witholding permission to projects that could harm the environment

MEASURES TO MANAGE TENSIONS

• Employing staff to carry out maintenance and repair

• Holding discussions with locals to address their needs

• Restricting some locals-only areas

MEASURES TO MANAGE TENSIONS

• Local communities• Visitors• Tour operators• Non-governmental organisations• Planning authorities

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS GROUPS

• Group of people in the same territory or community

• Have interests in protecting tourist areas for economic benefits

• Community-based tourism: tourism with close contact with locals communities

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• Eg: Candirejo Village, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia

• 2003: set up tourism-related programmes

• Developed homestays and organic farming, organised local transport

• Trained villagers to tourism-related work (catering, guides)

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• 2004: 22 homestays, 22 andongs, 6 local restaurants

• 2002: 10 homestays, 5 andongs, 0 local restaurants

• Created 63 new jobs, 5 new businesses

• 12.5% increase in average income per villager

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• Involves locals in decision-making

• Increase in tourism-related employment & businesses for locals

• Difficulty in obtaining external funding

• Shortage of skilled labour

LOCAL COMMUNITIES

• Have responsibility to respect both the environment and the locals

• Consider the conservation efforts of tourist site

• Visitors can feel their visit is more rewarding when they know they have minimised their damage on the environment

VISITORS (TOURISTS)

• Fund conservation & preservation• Provide income locals• Raise awareness to conserve

and preserve attractions• Damage tourist attractions• Dilute local culture & customs

VISITORS (TOURISTS)

• Have interest in protecting environments visited by tourists

• Tourists unlikely to visit places with spoilt landscapes, reduced biodiversity and deteriorated cultures

• Eg: Phuket Alternative Tours (PAT) in 2006

TOUR OPERATORS

• Tour operators required to commit to an Environmental & Cultural Code of Practice• Operate in an environmentally

sustainable way• Seek to enhance the natural

environment and the way the industry uses it

• Create awareness about conservation to visitors

TOUR OPERATORS

• Provide feedback on tourist attractions

• Regulate tourist behaviour• Need to generate profits

TOUR OPERATORS

• NGOs are non-profit and operate independent of governments

• Eg: TIES (recall Ecotourism)• Developed guidelines, conducted

training, provide technical assistance, published papers

• Works with travel associations and conservation groups in 124 countries

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORG.

• Facilitate communication between various stakeholders

• Support stakeholders in managing impact of tourism

• Difficulty in obtaining external funding

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORG.

• Able to influence the quality of environments and how many visitors the site can cope with

• Allocating space for infrastructure• Eg: Singapore Tourism Board• Balance between attracting

visitors and conserving Singapore’s national heritage

PLANNING AUTHORITIES

• Implement programmes to conserve and enhancing ethnic districts of Singapore

• Chinatown, Kampong Glam and Little India

PLANNING AUTHORITIES

• Develop and maintain infrastructure & attractions

• Draft laws and policies• Work with other government

agencies• Difficult to plan for unforseen

factors• Opposing stakeholders

PLANNING AUTHORITIES

CHECKPOINTPg 53

Questions• 2• 6• 10 (Open-ended question)• 12 (Open-ended question)• 13 (a), (b)• 14 (a), (b)

TOURISM IN SINGAPORE• Page 76 to 80• You should be able to:

• Discuss the tourist activities in Singapore• Locate the tourist sites and attracts• Explain how tourism has impacted S’pore• Explain how these impacts are being

managed• Explain why tourism is a vital sector of

Singapore’s economy

END OF CHAPTER