“Native” Americans

• Beringia– Eskimo– Northwest– Anasazi

• Pueblos• Water conservation

– Similarities• Diet

– Hunt, farm, fish• Bows & arrows• No writing

• Vs. Europeans– Less dense– No wheels or ships– Small animals only

• Ericsson• Prince Henry• Bartolomeu Dias• Vasco da Gama breaks

Mediterranean monopoly 1498

• Portugal inches along African coast– Slaves– Religion

• Cape Verde 1st plantations

• Ottoman Turks– Genoa & Venice– Atlantic nations look

west

• Spain– Moors

• Columbus– Bad with the ruler– San Salvador

• Bahamas

– Hispaniola• La Navidad

– Returns with natives– 4 trips– Columbian Exchange

• Goods, ppl & ideas

• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal– Brazil only– de Gama 1498

• Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod

• Cabral– Vespucci

• Balboa• Magellan

– West voyage not feasible

• Conquistadores– Cortez

• Aztec– Empire, tribute,

sacrifice• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro• Inca

• French– Verrazano– Cartier

• Up to now– No settlements in

America– Spanish Empire – Portugal to China– International fishing

• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain– St. Augustine 1st

• England– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti

• Factors encouraging exploration– Technological advances– Monarchs looking to

enlarge, enrich– Gold, glory & the Gospel

• England supplants Spain– Henry VIII– Elizabeth

• Reform

– Drake– Roanoke Island – Armada

• Spain defends Cath.• English pond

England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt– New trade partners– Ease unemployment

• Pressure valve• 1530-1680 Pop doubled

causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company– VA London– VA Plymouth– Takes time for profit

• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold

• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,

European traditions of labor– Could have done better if

they learned to farm

– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal• Natives inferior• Almost exterminated due to

VA success

• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements– Constant encroaching

• Labor force– Indentured

• Lack of labor• Poor, willing• Cheap, abundant• 2x or 3x pay• Most migrants to

Chesapeake• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold• Extended– legally

– Stole, ran away, pregnant– Women no marriage– Freedom dues

– Headright• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses– Series of harsh rulers– Representative self-

government• Local laws only but, it set

a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland– Proprietary

• Lord B’more• Sanctuary

– But… conflict» Majority

Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east– Untamed in the west– Gov. Berkeley

• No elections for 15 years• Only male landowners &

heads of households• Monopolized fur trade w/

Indians• Bacon’s Rebellion

– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England• Pilgrims– Separatists– Too corrupt– Holland– Mayflower Compact

• Political body & legal auth• Will of majority

– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies• Thanksgiving

• Mass. Bay Colony– Covenant

• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of

Eng.– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights• Property owning males• Popular got big tracts

The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker– All males– Fundamental Orders of

CT.

• Rhode Island– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson• Comm. Directly with God

Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637– White settlement

disrupted trade– Narragansett allies– Heavily criticized

• Tried to Christianize• Indians knew only unity

stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War– Encroachment

• Surrounded Indian towns• Sassamon• Mohawk• Great Swamp• Sold into slavery• Debt, ruined frontier,

hatred• Eunice Williams stayed• Mary Rowlandson–

Redemption Rock

Trouble in New England

• Salem– Tituba

• Witchcraft• Specters

– Causes• Continual disorder

explained by blame– Indian attacks– Decline of Puritan s.– Ergot

The Other Colonies

• New York– 1609 Hudson– Albany– New Netherlands– New Amsterdam

• Manhattan• Patroonships• Headright

– Diverse– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn– Quaker– Proprietary– Indians

• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims

• Those having probs elsewhere

– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no

sex”

• Carolina– Restoration as others– Barbados

• Charles Town• Slaves• Staple crop

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence

• Georgia– Oglethorpe– Buffer/Reform

• Between two empires

– Savannah

Governing the Colonies

• Navigation Acts– Only English/colonial

ships– Enumerated list– Make money/

competition– Salutary Neglect

• Robert Walpole• Admiralty Courts

• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay– Dominion of New

England• Under direct crown

control• Land titles invalidated• Edmund Andros• Glorious Revolution

– Mass Bay restored

– Leisler’s Rebellion– John Coode

• More Indian Wars– New York

• Beaver Wars• Iroquois

– European diseases

– North Carolina• Tuscarora

– Many enslaved– 6th Nation

• South Carolina– Yamassee

• Abuse (slavery)• Lands• Spanish intrigue

• Slavery– Portuguese

• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have

too– Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of

economy• Middle Passage

– Rebellion• Stono• No overturn, no winning

fight for freedom

• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening

• First Shared

– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer• Revive piety

– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards

– “Sinners… • Religious Diversity

• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property

• John Locke– Right of rebellion

• Peter Zenger

– Religion• Deism• God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s

• The French in America– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois• Black Robes

– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi

– No suppression Indians– Like European goods

• Kept Spanish away

• Wars with France– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European• Frontier towns attacked

– Still need English prot.

– King George’s War• Louisbourg

– Colonists furious» Boston widows

• French/Indian War– Contested land

• Ohio Valley• French forts• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington» Surrenders» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians» Colonists meet

annually» Refused by colony &

crown• Independence–

not enough, too much

– General Braddock• Duquesne• Colonists refused• British feel colony bear

responsibility• Indians side with French–

less land hungry

– William Pitt• Better commanders

– Local recruitment• Finance thoroughly, but…

– Boon to colonial economy

• Focus on NA not WI– Attack Quebec– Cripple colonies– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe/Montcalm» Iroquois ally GB

– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover• Colonists

– Military confidence– Colonists treated poorly

» No promotions» Discipline brutal» Amateurs

• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy– Am. Headed west

• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Refused to surrender

lands– British raised prices– Several Br. Forts attacked– Many lives– Germ warfare

• Proclamation of 1763– Keep peace– Soldiers stationed here

• British problems– War debt– Colonists should help

pay for empire