What’s going on inside the What’s going on inside the cell?cell?

An introduction to An introduction to cell types and cell types and

functions of cellular functions of cellular organellesorganelles

ProkaryoteProkaryote

““Pro” means before (the Pro” means before (the nucleus) nucleus)

UnicellularUnicellular No nucleus or organelles No nucleus or organelles

except ribosomes. DNA except ribosomes. DNA floats freely in the floats freely in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

Example: Bacteria Example: Bacteria Kingdoms Kingdoms

Archaebacteria and Archaebacteria and EubacteriaEubacteria

Size: 1-10 micronsSize: 1-10 microns

EukaryoteEukaryote Has a nucleus and Has a nucleus and

organellesorganelles ““Eu” - TrueEu” - True Mostly in Mostly in

multicellular multicellular organisms.organisms.

Examples: cells of Examples: cells of the animal, plant, the animal, plant, fungi, and protist.fungi, and protist.

Size: 10-100 micronsSize: 10-100 microns

OrganellesOrganelles Small structures inside the cell.Small structures inside the cell. They are surrounded by membranes.They are surrounded by membranes. Like little organs.Like little organs.

NucleusNucleus

Contains DNA (genetic Contains DNA (genetic information) and information) and NucleolusNucleolus

Manages cell functionsManages cell functions Surrounded by nuclear Surrounded by nuclear

envelope (double envelope (double membrane) which has membrane) which has holes (pores) in it to holes (pores) in it to allow materials to allow materials to pass in and out.pass in and out.

Works like the brain of Works like the brain of the cell.the cell.

DNADNA Found within the Found within the

nucleus.nucleus. Forms tangled Forms tangled

strands called strands called chromatinchromatin

Turns into Turns into chromosomes for chromosomes for cellular reproductioncellular reproduction

Codes for the Codes for the characteristics which characteristics which make you uniquemake you unique

NucleolusNucleolus Within nucleus and produces ribosomesWithin nucleus and produces ribosomes

RibosomesRibosomes Site of protein Site of protein

productionproduction Can be found free Can be found free

floating in the cell floating in the cell or attached to the or attached to the endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulumreticulum

CytoplasmCytoplasm Clear fluid found Clear fluid found

throughout the cellthroughout the cell Surrounds Surrounds

(suspends/holds (suspends/holds up/together)up/together)

Chemical reactions Chemical reactions take place here-take place here-materials dissolve materials dissolve across the across the cytoplasm to the cytoplasm to the nucleus.nucleus.

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum Folded system of Folded system of

membranes (like tissues membranes (like tissues in a bundle)in a bundle)

A transport system A transport system within the cytoplasm within the cytoplasm which helps to move which helps to move molecules through the molecules through the cell.cell.

Home to many chemical Home to many chemical reactionsreactions

Contains enzymes to put Contains enzymes to put together fats and lipidstogether fats and lipids

Some are coated with Some are coated with ribosomesribosomes Rough=with ribosomesRough=with ribosomes Smooth=without Smooth=without

ribosomesribosomes

MitochondriaMitochondria Food molecules are Food molecules are

broken down here to broken down here to release ATP-the release ATP-the source which provides source which provides your muscles with your muscles with short energy bursts.short energy bursts.

Is composed of an Is composed of an outer membrane and outer membrane and a highly folded interior a highly folded interior where the sugars are where the sugars are broken downbroken down

The POWERHOUSE of The POWERHOUSE of the cellthe cell

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Contain Contain chlorophyll, a chlorophyll, a pigment key in pigment key in absorption of absorption of sunlight.sunlight.

Found in plants Found in plants and some protistsand some protists

Chlorophyll traps Chlorophyll traps energy from the energy from the sun to make sugarsun to make sugar

LysosomesLysosomes Contain digestive Contain digestive

enzymes to break enzymes to break down excess cell down excess cell parts, food parts, food particles and worn particles and worn out parts.out parts.

Membrane bound-Membrane bound-work like a work like a cleaning crew.cleaning crew.

VacuolesVacuoles A sac of fluid A sac of fluid

surrounded by a surrounded by a membrane.membrane.

Store food, Store food, enzymes, and other enzymes, and other materials needed by materials needed by the cell including the cell including wastes.wastes.

Plant cells have Plant cells have large water filled large water filled vacuoles which help vacuoles which help to support the stem.to support the stem.

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Receive proteins and Receive proteins and lipids (fats) from ERlipids (fats) from ER

Chemically modify and Chemically modify and then repackages fats then repackages fats and other materials and other materials into new shapes and into new shapes and materials and then materials and then ships them out to ships them out to other parts of the cell. other parts of the cell.

Work much like a mail Work much like a mail man. man.

PlastidsPlastids

Organelles Organelles associated with associated with storage of storage of pigments, sugars, pigments, sugars, or fats.or fats. Choloplasts:greenCholoplasts:green Chromoplasts:redChromoplasts:red Leukoplasts:clearLeukoplasts:clear

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Thin fibers that Thin fibers that support organelles-support organelles-like a skeleton.like a skeleton.

Maintains cell shapeMaintains cell shape Made of microtubules Made of microtubules

and microfilaments-and microfilaments-like the bones of like the bones of vertebra in your bodyvertebra in your body

Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella Cilia: Short hair-like Cilia: Short hair-like

projections that are projections that are used for used for movement.movement.

Flagella: Long whip Flagella: Long whip like projectionslike projections

Both are used for Both are used for movement in cellsmovement in cells

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Levels of organizationLevels of organization

Cells-Tissues-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ Organs-Organ System-OrganismSystem-Organism

Example: Cardiac Example: Cardiac Cell-Cardiac Cell-Cardiac Muscle-Heart-Heart Muscle-Heart-Heart and Blood Vessels and Blood Vessels (Circulatory (Circulatory System)System)-Human-Human