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SS9 BC Curriculum - Crossroads Textbook Chapter 5
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THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution?
Industrial Revolution?
Revolutions: some violent, others due to new inventions
Post 1700 Great Britain: Industrial Revolution
Transformations: Farming Towns & cities Factories
Revolutions: some violent, others due to new inventions
Post 1700 Great Britain: Industrial Revolution
Transformations: Farming Towns & cities Factories
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Wealth and social organization
Problems: Factory working conditions Dirty, crowded, diseased cities Child labour Long term problems: exploitation, global warming, ozone
layer Global Economy: countries linked in complex trade
arrangements Colonial ties (“mother” country)
Wealth and social organization Problems:
Factory working conditions Dirty, crowded, diseased cities Child labour Long term problems: exploitation, global warming, ozone
layer Global Economy: countries linked in complex trade
arrangements Colonial ties (“mother” country)
WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?
Good labour supply. Better farming technology. Middle class passed laws
to increase business. Surplus of capital ($$$). Science improved technology. Transportation networks. Raw materials.
Iron & coal. Colonies (Import raw materials)
Good labour supply. Better farming technology. Middle class passed laws
to increase business. Surplus of capital ($$$). Science improved technology. Transportation networks. Raw materials.
Iron & coal. Colonies (Import raw materials)
An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution Strip farming (inefficient) – moved to enclosure (more
profitable) Commons:
Divided into private properties Wealthy obtained the land – could pay the fees
Enclosures hurt poor farmers Lose place to: graze sheep & cows, collect crucial supplies Forced to sell land to the wealthy
Often move to city for work = cities full of unemployed farmers & families
“The Midlands” (Manchester, Liverpool) grew to huge cities
Strip farming (inefficient) – moved to enclosure (more profitable)
Commons: Divided into private properties Wealthy obtained the land – could pay the fees
Enclosures hurt poor farmers Lose place to: graze sheep & cows, collect crucial supplies Forced to sell land to the wealthy
Often move to city for work = cities full of unemployed farmers & families
“The Midlands” (Manchester, Liverpool) grew to huge cities
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONTHE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
NEW BREEDS – Glouster spot pig. HUGE!
Enclosure produced labourers
Commons Lands
An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution
Enclosures changed attitude towards farming Business & profit vs. survival
Changes in large-scale farming: new plants & animals, mechanization
Agricultural Revolution: helped create & support Industrial Revolution
Enclosures changed attitude towards farming Business & profit vs. survival
Changes in large-scale farming: new plants & animals, mechanization
Agricultural Revolution: helped create & support Industrial Revolution
New BreedsNew Breeds
Better animals = more profits Positives: hardier, less likely to catch
disease Negative: more expensive (poorer farmers
couldn’t compete)
Better animals = more profits Positives: hardier, less likely to catch
disease Negative: more expensive (poorer farmers
couldn’t compete)
New Crops & TechnologiesNew Crops & Technologies
Farming for profit = more willing to invest $ Many more risks being taken Inventors:
Jethro Tull Soil: break up & enrich with manure “Seed Drill”: protect seeds & uniform rows
Lord “Turnip” Townshend Crop rotations
Farming for profit = more willing to invest $ Many more risks being taken Inventors:
Jethro Tull Soil: break up & enrich with manure “Seed Drill”: protect seeds & uniform rows
Lord “Turnip” Townshend Crop rotations
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES
=>JETHRO TULL’SSeed Drill - faster,less waste, plowed, fewer workers, planted in rows.Broadcasting
MEDIEVALTHREE FIELD
SYSTEM(fallow crop)
=>IND. REVOLUTION
FOUR FIELDSYSTEM(no fallow)
=>Turnip => BarleyGrasses wheat
=>
RESULT - As farming improved population increased and diets improved. This provided the necessary labour force needed for the Industrial Revolution to occur.- France and other nations remained “backward.”
ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONECONOMIC REVOLUTION Entrepreneurs.
A person who takes risks to runs a business.
Middle Class - earned $ Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.
Franchise. The right to vote. Only the wealthy & no women.
Two political parties. Tories - rich landowners. Whigs - middle class businessmen.
Entrepreneurs. A person who takes risks to runs a
business. Middle Class - earned $ Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.
Franchise. The right to vote. Only the wealthy & no women.
Two political parties. Tories - rich landowners. Whigs - middle class businessmen.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Economic policy that discouraged gov’t regulation. “Let it Be.” - Often hurt the common labourer => wages, conditions, living conditions, etc.
The Entrepreneur
The Workers
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRYTHE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SPINNING JENNYSpun the yarn needed for the Flying Shuttle
FLYING SHUTTLE Used for weaving cloth.
John Kay
James Hargreaves
New inventions made inventors a fortune and would completelychange society.
Everything once done by hand was now being
completed mechanically.
OTHER INVENTIONSOTHER INVENTIONS
WATER FRAMEWay to spin yarn
With rollers. Faster than The Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright
THE MULECombined the Water Frame
And the Spinning Jenny
STEAM MACHINEOriginally used to take water
out of the mines.
Samuel Compton
James Watt
IRON AND COALIRON AND COALAbraham Darby - invented a process to create cast iron. - Coke is used to create iron. - Coke comes from coal => coal
mining boomed.
Coal was also used to heat homes.
- working conditions were harsh.- wages were low- many died from Black Lung.
TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ROADS
Had to find a way to improve on the old medieval ‘mud tracks’. Turnpike system
built roads and charged tolls. James Macadam -
3 layers of graded stone. Still used today.
CANALS By 1800, 4000km of canals had been built.
RAILWAYS 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”
Train = 39 km / hr. Train became most important means of transportation.
ROADS Had to find a way to improve on the old medieval ‘mud tracks’. Turnpike system
built roads and charged tolls. James Macadam -
3 layers of graded stone. Still used today.
CANALS By 1800, 4000km of canals had been built.
RAILWAYS 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”
Train = 39 km / hr. Train became most important means of transportation.
THE FACTORY SYSTEMTHE FACTORY SYSTEM
THE DOMESTIC SYSTEM- rural & family oriented.- quality varied.- income supplemented
lifestyle.- poorly paid.- many weavers lowered prices => supply &
demand.
=>
THE FACTORY SYSTEM- urban- faster & cheaper- consistent quality- living conditions ???- poor working conditions- required large spaces and power sources.- poor wages.- child labour
Factories would give rise to ‘The Factory Acts’ & Unions.
Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market
Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market
Transportation of goods crucial 1700 England: poor infrastructure Transportation Strategies:
Turnpike System: private companies build & charge tolls
Engineer: James Macadam
Roads would not become muddy 3 layers of graded stone
Much quicker transportation of goods & information
Transportation of goods crucial 1700 England: poor infrastructure Transportation Strategies:
Turnpike System: private companies build & charge tolls
Engineer: James Macadam
Roads would not become muddy 3 layers of graded stone
Much quicker transportation of goods & information
Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market
Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market
Canals: networks of narrow artificial channels Reduced cost of shipping by ¾ Early 19th C: 4000 km of canals
Railways: most important means of transportation
Steam engine locomotives 1829: “Rocket” traveled 39 km/hr Late 1800s: railway lines in Europe & N. America
Canals: networks of narrow artificial channels Reduced cost of shipping by ¾ Early 19th C: 4000 km of canals
Railways: most important means of transportation
Steam engine locomotives 1829: “Rocket” traveled 39 km/hr Late 1800s: railway lines in Europe & N. America
Mechanization and the Factory SystemMechanization and the Factory System
Cottage Industry: products made in houses Financed by capitalists Spinning & weaving → clothiers sold finished goods Advantages:
Family & community Disadvantages:
Poor pay, long hours Not specialized “Law of Supply & Demand”: little power
Cottage Industry: products made in houses Financed by capitalists Spinning & weaving → clothiers sold finished goods Advantages:
Family & community Disadvantages:
Poor pay, long hours Not specialized “Law of Supply & Demand”: little power
The Factory AgeThe Factory Age
New inventions = lose cottage system Need factories for power & space
New cities & housing developments Factories house all stages of
manufacturing Low wages, poor working conditions
New inventions = lose cottage system Need factories for power & space
New cities & housing developments Factories house all stages of
manufacturing Low wages, poor working conditions
Child LabourChild LabourChild LabourChild Labour Industrialization brought injustices for children Poor:
Education not mandatory: couldn’t read or write Families needed every member to provide
Labour: Small size: textiles, mine shafts, chimney cleaner Exposed to pollution Deafening noise Buy poor food Work overtime shifts Physical abuse
Industrialization brought injustices for children Poor:
Education not mandatory: couldn’t read or write Families needed every member to provide
Labour: Small size: textiles, mine shafts, chimney cleaner Exposed to pollution Deafening noise Buy poor food Work overtime shifts Physical abuse
Child LabourChild LabourChild LabourChild Labour Results:
Growth stunted Bodies deformed
1830s: British government becomes interested in working conditions Interviewed child labourers & survivers
Results: Growth stunted Bodies deformed
1830s: British government becomes interested in working conditions Interviewed child labourers & survivers
The Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory Acts
Social Reformers try to improve working conditions
Guilds formed (medieval) Look after interests of members Band together: less isolation & more influence Governments declared them illegal
Parliament controlled by rich & powerful Laissez-faire: no government regulation
Social Reformers try to improve working conditions
Guilds formed (medieval) Look after interests of members Band together: less isolation & more influence Governments declared them illegal
Parliament controlled by rich & powerful Laissez-faire: no government regulation
The Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory Acts “Factory Acts” eventually written
1802: children couldn’t work >12 hours straight in cotton mills
1819: illegal to hire child <9 years in textile industry No inspectors, other industries not protected 1824: early form of labour unions legalized
Middle & Upper classes: working class should work as much as possible Worry of “evil” occupations ex. drinking & gambling
“Factory Acts” eventually written 1802: children couldn’t work >12 hours straight in
cotton mills 1819: illegal to hire child <9 years in textile industry No inspectors, other industries not protected 1824: early form of labour unions legalized
Middle & Upper classes: working class should work as much as possible Worry of “evil” occupations ex. drinking & gambling
Society & CultureSociety & CultureSociety & CultureSociety & Culture Britain: rigid social system
Born into social groups Upper Class (“Society”): right schools, churches, etc. Middle Class/Working Class: grew during industrial
revolution Father: worked in professions, business person, military
Lower Middle Class: white collar workers, teachers below University level
Working Class: worked in trades or factory
Britain: rigid social system Born into social groups Upper Class (“Society”): right schools, churches, etc. Middle Class/Working Class: grew during industrial
revolution Father: worked in professions, business person, military
Lower Middle Class: white collar workers, teachers below University level
Working Class: worked in trades or factory
Women in the Industrial AgeWomen in the Industrial Age
Mostly in cottage industry, but eventually declined
Options: Countryside:
Servants, farms Factories
Changes: Cash money of own = independence Middle & upper class = pampered by servants
Mostly in cottage industry, but eventually declined
Options: Countryside:
Servants, farms Factories
Changes: Cash money of own = independence Middle & upper class = pampered by servants
Society & CultureSociety & Culture The Poor Slums in cities Streets & sewers not built Crime & disease common Not enough “Poor Law” relief for thousands
Charity often poorly distributed Workhouses turned to in desperation 1800s: numerical information about society
gathered
The Poor Slums in cities Streets & sewers not built Crime & disease common Not enough “Poor Law” relief for thousands
Charity often poorly distributed Workhouses turned to in desperation 1800s: numerical information about society
gathered
Society and CultureSociety and Culture
Population on the Move countryside → city Europe → overseas colonies (ex. Canada)
Promoted by land speculators The Irish Potato Famine Potato: staple food 1840s: Irish peasants grew & ate them 1845: Disease = loss of potatoes
hunger left homelands, move to industrial cities or colonies
Population on the Move countryside → city Europe → overseas colonies (ex. Canada)
Promoted by land speculators The Irish Potato Famine Potato: staple food 1840s: Irish peasants grew & ate them 1845: Disease = loss of potatoes
hunger left homelands, move to industrial cities or colonies
Society and CultureSociety and Culture
The Clearances In Scotland: Landlords rid of tenants
(“crofters”) to use land for raising sheep Farms burned to prevent return Move to industrial cities or colonies
The Clearances In Scotland: Landlords rid of tenants
(“crofters”) to use land for raising sheep Farms burned to prevent return Move to industrial cities or colonies