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Microorganisms and Their Effects on Living Things
1.1 The Classification of Microorganisms
Microorganisms are tiny organisms which can only be seen under a microscope.
The characteristics include their appearance, shape, size, method of reproduction, nutrition and habitat
Microorganisms
Virus
Protozoa
Fungi Bacteria
Algae
VIRUSES Viruses are the smallest microorganisms Structure: consist of strands of nuclei
acid (DNA) They are 2 types of shape:
Helical Polyhedral
Viruses do not make their own food.
They obtain food from animals, plants and some bacteria
They are parasites
They attached to host cell.
Bacteria Microscopic organisms that can be
found everywhere Simplest single-celled organisms Bacteria are surrounded by tough cell
wall Cell wall support the cell and maintains
its shape
Bacteria have hundreds of pilli Pilli enable bacteria to stick to certain
surfaces Some bacteria also have a tail called
flagellum that help them to remove Shapes of bacteria
Spherical: cocci Long chain: streptococci Bunches of grapes: staphylococci
Comma shape: vibrios Spiral shape: spirilla
Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis, some live as parasites and some live as saprotrophs
Reproduce asexually: Binary fission budding
Fungi Various sizes Plant that do not have chlorophyll Various shapes such as filament and
sphere Reproduce through:
budding – yeast Spore formation - mucor
Live as parasite or saprophytes
Can be found in dark and damp places
Protozoa Various sizes ad shapes Unicellular animals Reproduce through binary fission Live as :
saprophytes : Amoeba and Paramecium Parasites : Plasmodium
Can be found in fresh water and damp places
Algae Various sizes and shapes Unicellular or multicellular Reproduce through binary fission Live as autotrophs Can be found in damp areas that
receive sunlight
Factors that affect the growth of microorganisms
Nutrition Temperature Humidity Light pH
Useful microorganisms
Use of microorgans
m
Digestion animals
food
Making bread
Purifying water
Making cheese
Making antibioti
cs
Disease caused by bacteria
Tuberculosis Cholera Gonorrhea syphilis
Tuberculosis
Caused by bacilli bacteria
Affect other organ such as lymph nodes, bones and joints
Symptoms: chest pain, fever, sweating at night, weight loss
Cholera
Caused by vibrios bacteria
Transmitted by water or food that has been contaminated with the faeces
Symptoms: diarrhoea, vomitting and fatigue
Gonorrhea
Sexual transmitted disease caused by cocci bacteria
(in 1 to 14 days after infection) burning sensation when urinating accompanied by some discharge
Syphilis
Sexual transmitted disease caused by spirilla bacteria
Red pimples, rashes, fever, headache, hair loss.
Disease caused by viruses
Common cold Dengue fever Hepatitis AIDS
Common cold
Caused by viral infection of the mucous membrane, air passage or lungs.
May spread to the ears, sinuses and eyes
Spread to the lung that cause bronchitis and pneumonia
Dengue fever
Caused by distinct virus carried by mosquitoes
Causes fever, efes aches, pain in the muscle and joints
Sometime causes very low blood pressure and weak pulse
AIDS
Caused by HIV viruses
Symptoms: tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight
Infected by pneumonia, tuberculosis, Kaposi’s sarcoma
Hepatitis
Disease of the liver
Caused by alcohol and drugs
Symptoms: urine become dark, jaundice.
Live failed to function
Disease caused by fungi Tinea Ringworm
Tinea
White spot on facial, body, hand and feet
Ringworm
Red area on the body
Skin become red and scaly
Disease caused by protozoa Malaria
Caused by Plasmodium Transmitted by female Anopheles
mospuito Fever with reach 410C Attack in 2 or more hours Symptoms: headache, muscle pain,
nausea and feeling chill