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The Reluctant Welfare State by Bruce Jansson
Citation preview
Empowering Programs with Resources that Enhance Social
Work Education
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Counsel on Social Work Education (CSWE) Defines Educational Policy and
Accreditation Standards (EPAS) Developed Ten “Core Competencies”
and 41 related “Practice Behaviors” Every Student should master the Practice
Behaviors and Core Competencies before completing their program
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
The Textbook – “Helping Hands” icon call attention to content
that relates to Practice Behaviors and Competencies.
“Competency Notes” at the end of each chapter help put the Practice Behaviors and Competencies in practical context.
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
The Practice Behaviors Workbook developed with the text provides assignable exercises that assist in mastering the Practice Behaviors and Competencies.
Additional Online Resources can be found a www.cengage.com/socialwork.
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Making the American Welfare State More
Humane, Past, Present, and Future
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Case advocacy and policy practice frameworks
How social workers engaged and engage in advocacy
Ethical reasoning, including the ethical principle of social justice
The role of professional social workers in ethical analysis of key issues and policies in the United States
2.1.8
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Case Advocacy is for specific clients when: (1) they need benefits, services, or rights that are
not currently available to them,
(2) they may be entitled to specific benefits, services, or rights, but they are denied them by personnel in agencies, and
(3) specific benefits, services, or rights are available to them, but they don’t use them.
2.1.8
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Policy advocacy involves organized efforts to secure changes in policies in agency, community, and government settings
Policy advocacy is practice intervention that is closely linked to social welfare policy
2.1.8
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Social workers need to know the evolution of the American welfare state to facilitate case advocacy and referrals
Social workers need to understand the programs of the American welfare state as they have evolved over time
Social workers have to know who funds them, what the eligibility criteria are, and what services they provide
Social workers need to be familiar with civil rights statutes and rights that protect specific populations
2.1.3
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Case advocacy can lead to policy advocacy
Social workers can link case advocacy to policy advocacy when they observe gaps, omissions, and flaws in policies in specific cases that they encounter in their work
Like policy advocacy, case advocacy is closely linked to social welfare
2.1.8©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Elected public officials High-level members of government agencies in local,
state, and federal governments Executives and staff associated with the operations of
public programs Not-for-profit agencies Boards, directors, and staff of for-profit agencies Leaders and staff of advocacy groups Unions Consumers Clergy and members of churches, synagogues, and
temples Professionals ( e.g. Jane Addams, Whitney Young, etc.) General public
2.1.1©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
An outcomes approach: determines if a specific policy (or the lack of a policy) actually harmed a specific group of people by not addressing or aggravating their social needs
A first-ethical principles approach: determines if a specific policy (or the lack of a policy) violated an ethical principle that most of us hold in common, like “not killing,” “honesty,” “confidentiality,” and “preserving self- determination”
A relativist approach: determines if a specific policy (or the lack of a policy) is consonant with norms and culture of the country
2.1.2
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Client or consumer positive outcomes: Policies that improve the well-being of its beneficiaries
Cost-effectiveness outcomes: Policies that not only improves the well-being of its beneficiaries, but does so at a reasonable cost
Cost– benefit outcomes: Policies that provide other benefits to people —such as helping people avoid having to join welfare rolls, making them more likely to join the labor force, and improving the educational performance of children—and if these benefits to outweigh the overall costs to the general public
2.1.8©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Honesty Freedom Self-determination Confidentiality Not killing (the right to stay alive) Due process Fairness Social justice
2.1.2©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Identify first-order principles that are relevant to an ethical dilemma and decide, and balance, which choices or actions best satisfy them
When first-order principles conflict—that is, point to different choices—seek a compromise solution that satisfies each to some degree
2.1.2©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Conduct research to identify the likely consequences of specific options or actions (or, when data are lacking, use knowledge about human behavior to infer the likely effects of specific policies)
Select the options or choices that maximize positive consequences for society or for one (or more) of its subunits
• 2.1.2 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Analyze cultural factors that shape the ethical choices of people in specific historical periods, as well as other factors, such as institutional and fiscal realities
Analyze how the interests of people—including ourselves—shape policy choices
2.1.2
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Consider the practical implications of specific policies, such as their political feasibility and their cost, as well as administrative aspects
2.1.2©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Social injustice through the violation of civil rights of vulnerable populations
Social injustice through the violation of life conditions of vulnerable populations
Social injustice as illustrated by denial of opportunities to vulnerable populations
The challenge of reducing social and economic injustice over time
The clash between liberals and conservatives over social justice
2.1.5 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Civil rights laws and regulations Progressive taxation that makes relatively affluent
groups pay higher taxes than less affluent groups Generous safety net programs like welfare, food
stamps, SSI, and EITC Affirmative action programs in colleges and
employment opportunity-enhancing policies in schools such as targeted enrichment programs
Policies that allow low-income families to move to areas that are integrated by social class and race
Policies to link low-income individuals with technology
2.1.5©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Believing that many social problems derive from defects of character rather than from environmental conditions
Believing that charitable acts mostly bring adverse consequences
Believing that specific problems can be “solved” with use of panaceas
Falsely believing that a generous welfare state is not needed
Believing that private markets, left to themselves, can solve most social problems
Viewing government and government institutions as intrinsically flawed
Believing that economic and social inequality is not only inevitable, but motivates low- income persons to work harder
2.1.7©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Sympathizing with persons who are perceived to be victims of circumstances
Resenting persons and interests that unfairly victimize specific populations
Favoring provision of policies and programs that enhance opportunities
Favoring programs and policies that reflect rights conferred by the Constitution and statutes to advance the “general welfare”
Believing that all who live among us should have their minimal survival needs met
The emergence of a powerful liberal ideology that favored the enactment of an array of social programs, regulations, and civil rights
The creation of a liberal coalition in the 1930s
2.1.4 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Economic factors Social factors Institutional factors Legal factors Political factors
2.1.7
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Analyzing problems Placing issues on policy agendas Developing proposals Getting proposals enacted Getting enacted proposals implemented Evaluating policy implementation 2.1.8
©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Determine when the people need case advocacy and referrals
Link case advocacy to policy advocacy Identify eight tasks that are pivotal to policy practice
and policy advocacy Identify an array of people who engage in policy
advocacy in prior eras, as well as in contemporary period
Engage in ethical reasoning using first-ethical principles, an outcomes or utilitarian approach, a relativist approach, as well as practical considerations so that you can determine what is right and what is wrong
2.1.8©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/
Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Combine different approaches to ethical reasoning into an integrated approach
Use ethical reasoning to determine when current practices and developments violate the ethical principle of social justice, particularly with respect to vulnerable populations
State why social workers need to engage in navigational tasks when they make referrals, engage in case advocacy, and engage in policy advocacy
2.1.5 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing
Identify both constraining and facilitating contextual factors that have shaped the size and nature of the American welfare state, including cultural, economic, institutional, social, sequential, and political factors
Identify six policy advocacy tasks as identified by policy advocacy framework, including the agenda-building, problem-defining, proposal-writing, enacting, implementing, and assessing tasks
• 2.1.7 ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ ©2012, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole PublishingCole Publishing