Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Copernicus NewtonGalileo

Science in the Middle AgesScience in the Middle Ages Most believed the world was flatMost believed the world was flat Most believed theories developed Most believed theories developed

by Greek philosophers and by Greek philosophers and scientistsscientists

Catholic doctrine had most Catholic doctrine had most believing believing geocentric theorygeocentric theory..

REASONS FOR SCIENTIFIC REASONS FOR SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Exploration created need for new Exploration created need for new instruments and a desire to discoverinstruments and a desire to discover

Printing Press Printing Press Monarch SupportMonarch Support

Royal Society (England)Royal Society (England) Academy of Sciences (France)Academy of Sciences (France)

Theories about Theories about the Universethe Universe

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus published published heliocentric theoryheliocentric theory in 1543 (year he died) in 1543 (year he died)

Johannes Kepler used math formulas to prove planets moved in ellipses in 1601

Galileo Galilei Catholic who supported Copernican theory Inquisition forced him to recant in 1633

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Used Used scientific methodscientific method & mathematics & mathematics

to write “Principia”to write “Principia” Expanded the ideas of Copernicus, Expanded the ideas of Copernicus,

Kepler, and Galileo using Kepler, and Galileo using calculuscalculus to to explain his ideas about gravity (1687)explain his ideas about gravity (1687)

Scientific MethodScientific Method Applied to other areas:Applied to other areas:

Philosophy Philosophy (Bacon, Descartes)(Bacon, Descartes)

Instruments Instruments (Janssen, Fahrenheit, Celsius)(Janssen, Fahrenheit, Celsius)

AnatomyAnatomy (Vesalius, Harvey, Hooke, Jenner)(Vesalius, Harvey, Hooke, Jenner)

Chemistry Chemistry (Boyle, Priestley)(Boyle, Priestley)

Effects of ScienceEffects of Science

Scientific thought and method Scientific thought and method influenced political theories with influenced political theories with the development of the development of natural lawsnatural laws

Universe was a machineUniverse was a machine Use of reason to solve problemsUse of reason to solve problems Challenge authority and traditionChallenge authority and tradition

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2

Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment God created the universe which was a God created the universe which was a

giant machine that functioned giant machine that functioned according to fixed laws (Newton’s according to fixed laws (Newton’s Laws)Laws)

DeismDeism denounced organized religion denounced organized religion as corrupt and exploitiveas corrupt and exploitive

Focus on individualism and use of Focus on individualism and use of reason, not superstitionreason, not superstition

CORE BELIEFS OF CORE BELIEFS OF PHILISOPHESPHILISOPHES

(p. 196)(p. 196) REASONREASON NATURENATURE HAPPINESSHAPPINESS PROGRESSPROGRESS LIBERTYLIBERTY

Salon LifeSalon Life The minds and middle class of The minds and middle class of

Europe mingled with the nobility Europe mingled with the nobility Discussed the new ideas of the era Discussed the new ideas of the era Denis DiderotDenis Diderot combined these combined these

writings and ideas into 28 volumes he writings and ideas into 28 volumes he called the called the Encyclopedia Encyclopedia in 1751in 1751

Neoclassical art and classical MusicNeoclassical art and classical Music

Approaches to Natural Approaches to Natural LawLaw

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Monarchy was the most stable form of gov’tMonarchy was the most stable form of gov’t People should give up their freedom-Social People should give up their freedom-Social

ContractContract John LockeJohn Locke

people had people had natural rightsnatural rights from birth, including from birth, including life, liberty, and propertylife, liberty, and property

gov’t was developed by humans to protect gov’t was developed by humans to protect those rights those rights

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms In 1748, In 1748, MontesquieuMontesquieu wrote “Spirit of wrote “Spirit of

Laws”Laws” Gov’t should be equally divided among Gov’t should be equally divided among

3 branches of gov’t3 branches of gov’t

VoltaireVoltaire

French Deist and PhilosopheFrench Deist and Philosophe Satire criticized the Church and Satire criticized the Church and

the Royal Courtthe Royal Court Wrote Wrote CandideCandide Exiled to EnglandExiled to England

RousseauRousseau

Rousseau criticized civilizations and Rousseau criticized civilizations and institutionsinstitutions

Social Contract Social Contract inspired democratic inspired democratic gov’ts (Differed from Hobbes)gov’ts (Differed from Hobbes)

Origin of injustice is possessionsOrigin of injustice is possessions Private interests must come second to Private interests must come second to

the collective whole the collective whole

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots Rulers respected peoples rightsRulers respected peoples rights

Frederick II of PrussiaFrederick II of Prussia Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II of Russia Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria