Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Copernicus NewtonGalileo

Science in the Middle AgesScience in the Middle Ages

Most believed the world was flatMost believed the world was flat Most believed theories Most believed theories

developed by Greek developed by Greek philosophers and scientistsphilosophers and scientists

Catholic doctrine had most Catholic doctrine had most believing believing geocentric theorygeocentric theory..

REASONS FOR SCIENTIFIC REASONS FOR SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Exploration created need for new Exploration created need for new instruments and a desire to instruments and a desire to discoverdiscover

Printing Press Printing Press Monarch SupportMonarch Support

Royal Society (England)Royal Society (England) Academy of Sciences (France)Academy of Sciences (France)

Theories about the Theories about the UniverseUniverse

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus published published heliocentric theoryheliocentric theory in 1543 (year he in 1543 (year he died)died)

Johannes Kepler used math formulas to prove planets moved in ellipses in 1601

Galileo Galilei Catholic who supported Copernican theory Inquisition forced him to recant in 1633

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Used Used scientific methodscientific method & &

mathematics to write “Principia”mathematics to write “Principia” Expanded the ideas of Expanded the ideas of

Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo using using calculuscalculus to explain his to explain his ideas about gravity (1687)ideas about gravity (1687)

Scientific MethodScientific Method Applied to other areas:Applied to other areas:

Philosophy Philosophy (Bacon, Descartes)(Bacon, Descartes)

Instruments Instruments (Janssen, Fahrenheit, Celsius)(Janssen, Fahrenheit, Celsius)

AnatomyAnatomy (Vesalius, Harvey, Hooke, Jenner)(Vesalius, Harvey, Hooke, Jenner)

Chemistry Chemistry (Boyle, Priestley)(Boyle, Priestley)

Effects of ScienceEffects of Science

Scientific thought and method Scientific thought and method influenced political theories with influenced political theories with the development of the development of natural lawsnatural laws

Universe was a machineUniverse was a machine Use of reason to solve problemsUse of reason to solve problems Challenge authority and traditionChallenge authority and tradition

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2

Age of EnlightenmentAge of Enlightenment God created the universe which God created the universe which

was a giant machine that was a giant machine that functioned according to fixed functioned according to fixed laws (Newton’s Laws)laws (Newton’s Laws)

DeismDeism denounced organized denounced organized religion as corrupt and exploitivereligion as corrupt and exploitive

Focus on individualism and use of Focus on individualism and use of reason, not superstitionreason, not superstition

CORE BELIEFS OF CORE BELIEFS OF PHILISOPHESPHILISOPHES

(p. 196)(p. 196) REASONREASON NATURENATURE HAPPINESSHAPPINESS PROGRESSPROGRESS LIBERTYLIBERTY

Salon LifeSalon Life The minds and middle class of The minds and middle class of

Europe mingled with the nobility Europe mingled with the nobility Discussed the new ideas of the era Discussed the new ideas of the era Denis DiderotDenis Diderot combined these combined these

writings and ideas into 28 volumes writings and ideas into 28 volumes he called the he called the Encyclopedia Encyclopedia in 1751in 1751

Neoclassical art and classical MusicNeoclassical art and classical Music

Approaches to Natural Approaches to Natural LawLaw

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes Monarchy was the most stable form of Monarchy was the most stable form of

gov’tgov’t People should give up their freedom-People should give up their freedom-

Social ContractSocial Contract John LockeJohn Locke

people had people had natural rightsnatural rights from birth, from birth, including life, liberty, and propertyincluding life, liberty, and property

gov’t was developed by humans to gov’t was developed by humans to protect those rights protect those rights

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms In 1748, In 1748, MontesquieuMontesquieu wrote “Spirit wrote “Spirit

of Laws”of Laws” Gov’t should be equally divided Gov’t should be equally divided

among 3 branches of gov’tamong 3 branches of gov’t

VoltaireVoltaire

French Deist and PhilosopheFrench Deist and Philosophe Satire criticized the Church Satire criticized the Church

and the Royal Courtand the Royal Court Wrote Wrote CandideCandide Exiled to EnglandExiled to England

RousseauRousseau

Rousseau criticized civilizations Rousseau criticized civilizations and institutionsand institutions

Social Contract Social Contract inspired inspired democratic gov’ts (Differed from democratic gov’ts (Differed from Hobbes)Hobbes)

Origin of injustice is possessionsOrigin of injustice is possessions Private interests must come Private interests must come

second to the collective whole second to the collective whole

Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots

Rulers respected peoples rightsRulers respected peoples rights Frederick II of PrussiaFrederick II of Prussia Catherine II of RussiaCatherine II of Russia Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria