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Chapter 28
1. Election of 19602. The Kennedy Mystique3. Success and Setbacks on the Domestic
Front4. Warren Court Reforms
1960 Presidential election begins era of television politics
TV becomes a voting tool Democratic – Catholic –
Massachusetts: John F. Kennedy Republican – Quaker – Former V.P.:
Richard Nixon Millions spent by Democrats and
Republicans on television and radio ads
Campaigns◦ Kennedy shows concerns about the
“missile gap”◦ Nixon believed foreign policy was
on the right track Televised debates influence the
outcome of the election Kennedy win by a narrow margin
Youth, optimism, and charisma inspired Americans
Inaugural address: “ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country”
1st president to broadcast his press conferences live on television
New Frontier◦ Increase education aid◦ Provide health insurance to the
elderly◦ Create Dept. of Urban Affairs◦ Help migrant workers
Congress defeats many of his proposals – too costly
Kennedy advocated deficit spending
Congress wanted to invest funds into defense and space exploration
Kennedy creates the Commission on the Status of Women◦ Calls for the federal action
against gender discrimination and equal pay for women
Earl Warren (Chief Justice) (Warren Court) activist role in social issues◦ Civil rights for African Americans◦ Freedom of the press◦ Separation of church and state◦ Rights of the accused
Reapportionment –all votes would have equal weight
Due process – courts must treat individuals fairly, and reasonably and use proper procedures
States could not imposed prayer in public schools
Warren Court plays an immense role in shaping national policy
1. Global Challenges2. Bay of Pigs Invasion3. Berlin Wall4. Cuban Missile Crisis5. Death of a President
Curb communism and reduce the threat of nuclear war
Flexible response – build-up of conventional weapons and troops
Supported Special Forces designed to wage guerilla warfare
Alliance for Progress designed to improve Latin American relations◦ Cooperative aid projects to
Central and South American countries
◦ Some governments made reforms, Some governments used the aid to remain in power
Peace Corp established – designed to help less developed countries fight poverty◦ Young Americans trained to assist
countries (2 years) Increased tensions caused the
space race (Kennedy pushes to put the 1st man on the moon)
Cuba’s leader Fidel Castro forms an alliance with the Soviet Union
Cuban exiles (La Brigada) trained to retake Cuba from Castro
1961 – Kennedy order the Bay of Pigs Invasion – La Brigada is either killed or captured by Castro’s army
Failed attempt to overthrow Cuban government
Kennedy refuses to:◦ Recognize East
Germany◦ Withdraw from West
Berlin Berlin to prevent
movement between the Soviet sector and the rest of the city
Symbolized the Cold War division of East and West
Soviets had placed long-range ballistic missiles in Cuba
Agreement reached:◦ US not to invade Cuba and
takes missiles out of Turkey◦ USSR takes missiles out of
Cuba Brought the world to the
brink of nuclear war US and USSR agree to ban
test of nuclear warheads in the atmosphere
Khrushchev’s fall attributed to the Cuban Missile Crisis
New leadership will spur on a huge Soviet arms buildup
Lee Harvey Oswald Dallas, TX Oswald killed two days
later by Jack Ruby The Warren Commission
investigates the shooting and proclaims that Oswald was the lone shooter.
Conspiracy theories arise but none gain wide acceptance
Lyndon Johnson continues Kennedy’s programs
1. Johnson Takes the Reins2. The Great Society3. Legacy of the Great Society
50 million in poverty: made the elimination of poverty a major policy goal
Johnson was direct and rough, unlike Kennedy
Tries to work towards a consensus: general agreement between political parties
Declares a War on Poverty: Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) = create jobs and fight poverty
Wins the election of 1964 against Barry Goldwater
Johnson’s vision for a more equitable society
Medicare Medicaid Focus on education:
◦ Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)
◦ Project Head Start Department of Housing and
Urban Development: ◦ Robert Weaver (1st African
American to Serve in Cabinet) Immigration Reform Act of
1965:◦ Strict limit on number of
immigrants◦ Eliminated national origins
system
All aspects of American life improved for many Americans
Some Americans criticized the growth of federal funds and criticized the government for intruding upon their lives
How much should the government do for Americans?