Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter Four
Ecosystems & Communities
4.1 The Role of Climate
Weather
4.1 The Role of Climate
The condition of the atmosphere at a given time
and place Weather changes
Climate
4.1 The Role of Climate
Describes the average temperature and precipitation for
an area Relatively unchanging
The Greenhouse Effect
4.1 The Role of Climate
Certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat on Earth’s surface.
CO2 H2O CH4
Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Earth has three main
climate zones polar zones
temperate zones tropical zone
Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Sunlight hits the Earth more directly at the equator.
Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Sunlight is spread over greater area at the poles, so it is less
intense.
Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Temperate zones have
distinct seasons.
Heat Flow on Earth
4.1 The Role of Climate
Warmed air rises at the equator and
falls as it cools near the poles. CONVECTION
Heat Flow on Earth
4.1 The Role of Climate
Heat Flow on EarthOcean currents are caused by
convection and wind.
4.1 The Role of Climate
Habitat
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
A habitat is where an organism lives.
Habitat
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Both biotic and abiotic factors affect organisms and ecosystems.
Habitat
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Competition- Organisms compete for resources, like water, food, or space.
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two species can occupy the same niche
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Predation- One
organism feeds on another
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Symbiosis- close relationships
between species
mutualism commensalism
parasitism
Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Commensalism
One species benefits, one is
unaffected
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Commensalism
One species benefits, one is
unaffected
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Parasitism- One species benefits, the
other is harmed
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Parasitism- One species benefits, the
other is harmed
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Parasitism- One species benefits, the
other is harmed
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Ecosystems are constantly
changing in response to natural and
human disturbances.
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Ecological succession
describes changes that
occur as a new ecosystem develops.
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Occurs when
there is no soil
Primary succession
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
pioneer plants
are lichens
Primary succession
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Dead lichen produce
soil where tiny plants can grow
Primary succession
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Small plants
grow when soil is
present
Secondary succession
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
pioneer plants
are often lichens
Primary succession
Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
pioneer plants
are often lichens
Primary succession
Biomes
4.3 Biomes
A biome covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular types of plants and animals.
Desert Biome
Biomes
4.3 Biomes
tropical rain forest tropical dry forest tropical savanna
desert temperate grassland temperate woodland
and shrubland temperate forest
northwestern coniferous forest
boreal forest tundra
Tundra Biome
