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For IGCSE O-Level biology students chapter 1
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Classification of living things
Why do we need to classify living things? There are over 1.4 million different
species of discovered organisms on earth. We classify them to make studying them easier.
Organisms are divided into five large groups called kingdoms.
kingdoms
animals plants Bacteria fungi protoctists
Animals
Plants
Bacteria
Fungi
Protoctists
We still find that in each group there may be organisms that are very different such as ants and
giraffes in the animal kingdom. That is why each kingdom is divides into smaller
groups called phyla (singular: phylum). Each phylum is divided into several classes, then a
class is divide into orders, then family, then genus and finally the smallest group is called species.
Kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species.
Try to remember them using this sentence: King Philip cut oranges for good students.
Animal kingdom Animals are either vertebrates (have a
back bone) or invertebrate (without a back bone).
Vertebrates are divided into five classes.
vertebrates
Fish Amphibians Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
Body covering
Limbs
Ears
Eggs
Other features
Insects Arachnids Crustaceans Myriapods
Body segments
Number of legs
Antenna
Other features
Common features They all have: 1. Segmented bodies 2. Jointed legs 3. A hard exoskeleton
Molting in insects
Other invertebrates Annelids Nematodes Molluscs
Annelids
nematodes
Molluscs
Molluscs
tentacles
Flowering plants Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
monocotyledons
Dicotyledons