COGNITIVE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF

CHILDREN AND CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS

EXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENTEXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT; ; GIFTEDNESS, MENTAL GIFTEDNESS, MENTAL

RETARDATION, DEVELOPMENT RETARDATION, DEVELOPMENT PERVASIVE DISORDERS, PERVASIVE DISORDERS,

AUTISM; ASPERGER’S AUTISM; ASPERGER’S SYNDROME, DOWN SYNDROME, DOWN

SYNDROME.SYNDROME.

• Exceptional development in children can Exceptional development in children can be seen in both the intellectually gifted be seen in both the intellectually gifted and those with intellectual deficits. and those with intellectual deficits. Classified as intellectual deficits are the Classified as intellectual deficits are the following: Turner syndrome, following: Turner syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Pervasive Klinefelter’s syndrome, Pervasive Developmental disorders, Autistic Developmental disorders, Autistic disorder, and Asperger’s Syndrome.disorder, and Asperger’s Syndrome.

A.A. INTELLECTUAL GIFTEDINTELLECTUAL GIFTED

One who has exceptional intellectual One who has exceptional intellectual capabilities have cropped up among almost capabilities have cropped up among almost everyone in particular those involved in everyone in particular those involved in developmental studies.developmental studies.

Terman Terman (1954 as cited by Hetherington (1954 as cited by Hetherington 2006)2006)

-one of the earliest leaders in the study of -one of the earliest leaders in the study of the gifted child, bright children are the gifted child, bright children are usually far ahead of their age-mates, not usually far ahead of their age-mates, not just intellectually, but socially and just intellectually, but socially and physically as well.physically as well.

B. CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DEFICTSB. CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DEFICTS

1. TURNER SYNDROME1. TURNER SYNDROME

a chromosome abnormality found in females a chromosome abnormality found in females in which secondary sex characteristics are in which secondary sex characteristics are developed only with the administration of female developed only with the administration of female hormones. Any abnormality in the internal hormones. Any abnormality in the internal reproductive organs cause permanent sterility.reproductive organs cause permanent sterility.

2. KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME2. KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME

a form of chromosome abnormality a form of chromosome abnormality characterized like breast development and characterized like breast development and rounded broad, hipped figure.rounded broad, hipped figure.

3. PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL 3. PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERSDISORDERS

a collection of disorders a collection of disorders characterized by gross deficits in many characterized by gross deficits in many areas of cognitive, emotional, and social areas of cognitive, emotional, and social development.development.

SCHIZOPHRENIASCHIZOPHRENIAa serious disorder characterized a serious disorder characterized

by hallucinations, delusions, and by hallucinations, delusions, and other kinds of thought disorders.other kinds of thought disorders.

4. AUTISTIC DISODER4. AUTISTIC DISODERis characterized by the inability of is characterized by the inability of

the children to communicate and interact the children to communicate and interact socially.socially.

These features include:These features include:

a. a. Extreme autistic aloneness. Extreme autistic aloneness. an autistic an autistic is a loner. He expresses lack of interest in is a loner. He expresses lack of interest in other people.other people.

b. b. Language abnormalities.Language abnormalities. Rather than Rather than engage in conversation, the autistic tends engage in conversation, the autistic tends to repeat the words rather than reply, to repeat the words rather than reply, answer or engage in conversation.answer or engage in conversation.

c. c. Repetitive behaviors.Repetitive behaviors. An autistic An autistic extends concentration on something and extends concentration on something and preserves the sameness of the preserves the sameness of the environment.environment.

5. ASPERGER’S SYNDROME5. ASPERGER’S SYNDROMEa mild form of autism since people a mild form of autism since people

with this syndrome manifest a higher with this syndrome manifest a higher mental functinong.mental functinong.

ECHOLIAECHOLIAa form of autism where the autistic a form of autism where the autistic

repeats what is said by another rather than repeats what is said by another rather than respond to a question. It is usually a word respond to a question. It is usually a word for word repetition.for word repetition.

DOWN SYNDROMEDOWN SYNDROME

-characterized by a distinct physical -characterized by a distinct physical appearance, and physical and mental appearance, and physical and mental retardation.retardation.

-mental retardation can be moderate to -mental retardation can be moderate to severe.severe.

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