BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE:A CONCEPT MAP

Group 1

Block 22- BS PH

2013- 2014

HISTORY OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

Began after the Age of Enlightenment (1650)Developed in a formal way in the 19th century

PSYCHOLOGY

DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviours. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society

KEY CONCEPTS IN PSYCHOLOGY

There are four main key concepts in psychology.

1. Behaviour- What is it that influences or determines human and non-human behaviour and how can it be measured. Psychologists pose a variety of theories to explain human behaviour.

2. Personality- The term ‘personality’ refers to a person’s unique behavioural and cognitive patterns. Personality is closely linked to identity.

3. Motivation- Motivation is largely about values and rewards. Motivation theories tend to assume that every learned response is the result of some motivation.

4. Intelligence- Some psychologists believe that intelligence is a single, general ability, while others believe it encompasses a range of aptitudes, skills, and talents.

Source: New Zealand Curriculum Guides. http://seniorsecondary.tki.org.nz/Social-sciences/Psychology/Key-concepts

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES

It is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors.

Includes: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, etc.

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: COGNITIVE THEORIES

Cognitive theories of psychology are focused on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking, and attention.

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

- sensorimotor stage (from birth to age 2)

- preoperational stage (from age 2 to about age 7)

- concrete operational stage (from age 7 to 11)

- formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood)

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and learning. 

Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of DevelopmentErikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: HUMANIST THEORIES

It began to grow in popularity during the 1950s. While earlier theories often focused on abnormal behavior and psychological problems, humanist theories instead emphasized the basic goodness of human beings.

Some of the major humanist theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: PERSONALITY THEORIES

It looks at the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique.

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY THEORIES

It focused on helping us understand and explain social behavior. Social theories are generally centered on specific social phenomena, including group behavior, prosocial behavior, social influence, love and much more.

SOME THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: LEARNING THEORIES

Learning theories focus on how people learning and acquire new knowledge. This is an interdisciplinary topic of interest that often draws upon information from psychology, education, instructional design, and other areas.

Source: About.com, http://psychology.about.com/od/psychology101/u/psychology-theories.htm

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

A wide range of research methods are used in psychology. These methods vary by the sources of information that are drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both.

Qualitative psychological research is where the research findings are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures.

Quantitative psychological research is where the research findings result from mathematical modelling and statistical estimation or statistical inference.

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

1. Correlational Research- refers to any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence.

Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the physical statures of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the demand for a product and its price.

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

2. Descriptive research- is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred. Rather it addresses the "what" question (What are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied?)

RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

3. Experimental psychology research- refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to the study of behavior and the processes that underlie it. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including, among others sensation & perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion; developmental processes, social psychology, and the neural substrates of all of these.

OTHER RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Computer simulation (modelling) Interview, can be structured or unstructured.Survey, often with a random sample (see survey sampling)

Weathington, B.L., Cunningham, C.J.L., & Pittenger, D.P. (2010). Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

SOCIOLOGY

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?

Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups organizations, and societies and how people interact within these contexts.

Source: American Sociological Association

SOME CONCEPTS FOUND IN SOCIOLOGYSociety - humanly created organization or system of

interrelationships that connects individuals in a common culture.

Culture - sets of traditions, rules, symbols that shape and are enacted as feelings, thoughts, and behaviours of groups of people.

Language - a system of verbal symbols through which humans communicate ideas, feelings, experiences.

Values - preferences - ideas people share about what is good, bad, desirable, undesirable.

Norms - concepts and behaviors that constitute the normal.

Beliefs - conceptions or ideas about the world and about human life that center on the meaning of human experience or the character of the supernatural world.

Deviant Behavior - behavior falling outside the acceptable range according to societal or group norms and values.

Social Organization - the arrangement of the parts that constitute society, the organization of social positions and distribution of people within those positions.

Identity - combines the intimate or personal world with the collective space of cultural forms and social relations.

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Conflict Theory Functionalism Theory

claims that society is in a state of perpetual conflict and competition for limited resources. It emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. 

claims that society is in a state of balance and kept that way through the function of society's component parts.

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Symbolic Interactionism Theory

Social Exchange Theory

claims that society is composed of ever-present interactions among individuals who share symbols and their meanings. 

claims that society is composed of ever present interactions among individuals who attempt to maximize rewards while minimizing costs.

RESEARCH METHODS

Survey - a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview.

Experiments - a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.

Participant Observations - Participant observation is a method by which researchers systematically observe people while joining in their routine activities. Participant observation research is descriptive and often exploratory. It is normally qualitative research, inquiry based on subjective impressions.

Secondary Analysis- A research method in which a researcher utilizes data collected by others.

SOURCES:

Concepts:

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/anthropology/21a-245j-power-interpersonal-organizational-and-global-dimensions-fall-2005/study-materials/basic_conc.pdf

Theories

http://freebooks.uvu.edu/SOC1010/index.php/03.html

http://sociology.about.com/od/Sociology101/tp/Major-Sociological-Frameworks.htm

Research Methods

https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDoQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ccc.edu%2Faberger%2F201.04%2520Sociological%2520Research%2520Methods.ppt&ei=h9iIUqP2MLG8iAeLvYCoAw&usg=AFQjCNF8uMZ-jf4OAN3bwJ1zfx_i1zoerg&sig2=LlMGi_MlrnfNjXV5_Xjxdg

ANTHROPOLOGY

KEY CONCEPTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY

Culture - behavior patterns, customary beliefs and intellectual faculties acquired by people as members of a society

Adaptation – process of obtaining knowledge and creating technology to adjust to environmental conditions; it provides a selective advantage in the competition for survival

Integration – a view suggesting that all aspects of a culture are interconnected and that knowing any cultural trait or institution involves knowing how it influences other institutions, and vice versa.

Human Universalism - a notion that all people today are fully and equally human.

Function - Social institutions, behavior, cultural logic functions to satisfy human needs

Comparison - cross-cultural comparison & the comparative approach

Structure - systems of relationships, organization, forms of associations, standardized modes of behavior

palomar.edu- http://anthro.palomar.edu/intro/overview.htm

THEORIES

Evolutionism - organisms are inherently bound to increase in complexity through the process of evolution

Functionalism -  the society as a complex system whose parts work together to uphold unity and stability.

Configurationalism – the culture’s personality is supposed to pattern the personalities of the members within that culture

Neoevolutionism – discards some dogmas from the earlier theory of evolutionism

Cultural Materialism - human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence

Structuralism -  cultures, viewed as systems, are analyzed in terms of the structural relations among their elements

Practice Theory - theory of how social beings, with their distinct purpose, make and transform the world in which they live

A History of Theories in Anthropology, http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078035023/886575/Appendix_1_A_History_of_Theories_In_Anthropology.pdf

RESEARCH METHODS

Field work – a method of learning and understanding by first-hand observation of people and other primates since their complexity is difficult to learn through laboratory experiments

Scientific method - This is the system now used in all sciences to objectively learn about natural phenomena

http://anthro.palomar.edu/intro/overview.htm

Psychology

AnthropologySociology

CONCEPTS

1. All deal with people2. Affected by culture

3. Affected by identity of the individual

Psychology

AnthropologySociology

THEORIES

1. All believe that individuals aim to benefit the society.

2. All claim that people continuously learn and acquire new knowledge to understand themselves and to be able to

socialize.

Psychology

AnthropologySociology

METHODS

1. Scientific Method- Hypothesis

- Experimentation- Generalization

2. Field Work- Interviews- Surveys

- Observation