1. Report by: Maureen A. David RM I-M.A.E.D. course Descriptive
Design and Experimental Design
2. 4.3.1 Nature of Descriptive Method 4.3.2 Types of
Descriptive Method 4.3.3 Advantages, disadvantages and caution in
the use of 4.3 Descriptive Method
3. Nature of Descriptive Method -designed for the investigator
to gather information about present existing conditions.
-descriptive research involves collection of data in order to test
the hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the current status
of the subject of the study. -descriptive study determines and
reports the way things are. It has no control over what is, and it
can only measure what already exist.
4. Nature of Descriptive Method -in descriptive design, the
study focuses at the present condition. -the purpose is to find new
truth; -increased quantity of knowledge -a new generalization or a
new law, an increased insight into factors which are operating -the
discovery of a new casual relationship -more accurate formulation
of the problem to be solve and many others..
5. Nature of Descriptive Method -scientific judgment may be
based -provide essential knowledge about the nature of objects or
persons -instruments employed in all quantitative research as data
gathering instruments, for instance, tests, questionnaires,
interviews, observation schedules, checklists, score cards, and
rating scales..
6. Aims of Descriptive Research -The principal aims in
employing descriptive research are to describe the nature of a
situation as it exists at the time of the study and to explore the
causes of particular phenomena. (Travers, 1978) -Descriptive
Research seeks to tell what exists or what is about a certain
educational phenomenon. Accurate observations and assessments arise
from data that ascertain the nature and incidence of prevailing
conditions, practices or description of object, process, and person
who are all objects of the study.
7. Aims of Descriptive Research -contribute in the formation of
principles and generalization in behavioural sciences -contribute
in the establishment of standard norms of conduct, behaviour, or
performance. -reveal problems or abnormal conditions ; -make
possible prediction of future on the basis of findings on
prevailing conditions, corrections, and on the basis of reactions
of people toward certain issues; -give better and deeper
understanding of phenomenon on the basis of an in-depth study of
the phenomenon. -provide basis for decision-making.
8. Types of Descriptive Research Types of Descriptive Research
(1)Descriptive-survey (2)Descriptive-normative
(3)Descriptive-status (4)Descriptive-analysis
(5)Descriptive-classification (6)Descriptive-evaluative
(7)Descriptive-comparative (8)Correlational survey (9)Longitudinal
survey
9. (2)Descriptive-normative survey Good and Scates (1972)
stressed that the term NORMATIVE is sometimes used because surveys
are frequently made to ascertain the normal or typical condition
for practice, or to compare local test results with a state or
national norm. In the descriptive-normative surveys, the
results/findings of the study should be compared with the
norm.
10. Example of Descriptive-normative survey A researcher wishes
to conduct a study on the English achievement of fourth year
secondary students at the state colleges and universities in Region
7 (Central Visayas). An achievement test is the instrument used to
gather the data. The results of the test are then compared with the
regional norm. if the achievement of the students is one standard
deviation above (+1SD) the mean, this means their achievement is
very satisfactory; if within the mean, satisfactory; and one
standard deviation below (-1SD) the mean, unsatisfactory and they
need improvement.
11. Normative Survey Estrada, Felix and Cancio, Rosalina
Standard measurement of filipino infants during the first year, a
compilation (summary and review) of studies on normal growth and
development of filipino children by roberta n. Venades- hernandez,
m.D., M.P.H., Class 1960, institute of hygiene, university of the
Philippines. Purpose: To determine the average weight and length of
infants at birth and each month thereafter up to one year.
Procedure: 4,482 apparently normal Filipino infants born in the
free clinic of the University of Santo Tomas and enrolled in the
Well Baby Clinic of the Department of Paediatrics, UST, were the
subjects of this study. Most families included in the study were of
the low income level. The babies were breast-fed, on self-demand
schedule with intervals of three hours or shorter. They did not
show any sign of over-feeding. Only height and weight measurements
were obtained.
12. Findings: 1. The average measurements of the newborn were
6.4 lbs. and 19.13 inches. 2. Birth weight was approximately
doubled between the third and fourth months of life, called the
stocking up process. 3. It was shown that the initial growth spurt
in the early months slowed down later to give an average weight of
19.8 lbs., which was slightly more than triple birth weight. 4. The
length measurements were found to be comparable to the figures
using the 10th or 25th percentile of the tables of the Harvard
School of Public Health.
13. (3)Descriptive-status This approach to problem solving
seeks to answer questions to real facts relating to existing
conditions. This is a technique of quantitative description which
determines the prevailing conditions in a group of cases chosen for
study. Several studies stress the current conditions with the
assumption that things will change. They cover many traits or
characteristics of the group.
14. Example of Descriptive-status A researcher wishes to
conduct a study on the socio- economic status and performances of
instructors and professors of state universities and colleges in
Region 9 (Western Mindanao). He uses a questionnaire as instrument
to gather data and requests the subjects of the study to answer it.
Based on the responses, the researcher can determine the
socio-economic status and performance of SUCs universities and
professors in Region 9 whether the higher the socio- economic
status is, the higher the performance will be; or the lower the
socio-economic status is, the lower the performance will be.
15. (4)Descriptive-analysis This method determines or describes
the nature of an object by separating it into its parts. Its
purpose is to discover the nature of things. The researcher should
determine the composition, structure, sub-structure that occurs as
units with the larger structure.
16. Example of Descriptive-analysis A researcher wishes to
conduct a study on the job analysis of personnel in government and
private hospitals in Region 6 (Western Visayas). He devises a
questionnaire to analyze the job of the subjects of similar
positions, functions and responsibilities and with the same
salary.
17. (5)Descriptive classification This method is employed in
natural sciences subjects. The specimens collected are classified
from phylum to species. To illustrate: An investigator wishes to
conduct a taxonomic study of sea urchins in the municipal waters of
Zamboanga del Norte. He collects from different research stations
and then identifies and classifies them according to classes and
species.
18. (6)Descriptive-evaluative This design is to appraise
carefully the worthiness of the current study. To illustrate: The
researcher wishes to conduct a study on evaluation of an
implementation of WOW (War on Wastes) in the Division of Zamboanga
del Norte. He devises a questionnaire which evaluates the
implementation of WOW and requests the division and district
supervisors, principals, head teachers, and teachers as subjects of
the study to respond on it.
19. Example of Descriptive-comparative A researcher wishes to
conduct a study on the effectiveness of teaching English using
rhetoric and content-based approaches to Bachelor of Computer
Technology students at the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State
College. He uses tests as research instrument. All things are held
constant, except on the approaches of teaching used. The two
variables are rhetoric and content-based approaches. The
statistical tool used is the z-test. If significant difference
exists it means an approach is better than the other. With no
significant difference, the two approaches are almost the
same.
20. (8)Correlational survey This is designed to determine the
relationship of two variables (X and Y) whether the relationship is
perfect, very high, high, marked or moderate, slight or negligible.
Perfect positive correlation with a value of 1.0 seldom happens,
same with perfect negative correlation. In perfect positive
correlation, all the individual performances in X and Y have the
same positions. If he tops in test X he also tops in test Y; if he
is lowest in test X he is likely lowest in test Y. in perfect
negative correlation, all the individual performances in X and Y
have the opposite positions. If he tops in test X, he is lowest in
test Y; if he is lowest in test X, he tops in test Y.
21. Example of Correlational survey The researcher wishes to
correlate the performance between English (X) and mathematics (Y)
of freshmen nursing students in the College of Nursing at the
Central Philippine University, Iloilo City. He uses tests as
research instrument in gathering the data and Scattergram as the
statistical tool used to determine the correlation between X and
Y.
22. (9) Longitudinal survey This involves much time allotted to
investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in
time.
23. To illustrate: A researcher wishes to set up a Mathematics
achievement pattern to secondary students, ages 13 to 16. He takes
a group of thirteen-year-old boys and girls and records their
Mathematics achievement over regular intervals (i.e. every grading
period). The researcher follows up this work until they reach 16
years old. Based on the data gathered, the investigator sets up the
Mathematics achievement pattern from the same group of students
investigated over a long period of time.
24. Advantages all the information is gathered in this method
data will be validated and proves its reliability aim toward
information dissemination
25. Disadvantages - any method are taken into account, you
should also be aware of the two particular aspects: 1. faults of
your methods per se 2. the faults of your method when you poorly
use it. - tend to misuse the method easily. ( Helmstadter ,
1970)
26. if you are oriented with the different methods of research,
this method will be the simplest. you tend to avoid statistical
analysis and your study will no longer qualify as a research. It is
merely information gathering. there is limited information about
the effects of the variables under study. be aware of the delicate
and inconsistent actuation of the participants in your study. It
may affect the validity of ones investigation.
27. Cautions describe any particular group of individuals in
your population. primary objective of this method is to make use of
the results to facilitate predictions or control of some behaviors.
uses statistical procedures to assure you a level of confidence
that your results are trustworthy
28. Next is Experimental Method The End of Descriptive
Method
29. By: Maureen A. David M.A.E.D course Thank You for
Listening
