1

SchoolofArchitecture,BuildingandDesign

ARCHITECTURE,CULTUREANDHISTORY2

(ARC60203)

Project2:Report DewanTunkuCanselor,UniversitiMalaya,PetalingJaya.

Tutor:Ms.Shahrianne

GroupMembers:

FooJiSun 0323550

HengRuiYing 0326639

HengSyHua 0321999

HoZiYan 0323698

HongSeoTaek0322045

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CONTENT

1.0Introduction [3]

1.1FastFactsoftheBuilding

1.2Location

1.3HistoryoftheBuilding

1.4TheArchitect

2.0SiteContextAnalysis(HongSeoTaek0322045) [10]

2.1Accessibility

2.2RelationtotheNaturalEnvironment

2.3ComparisontoSurroundingBuildings

3.0ArchitecturalLayoutoftheBuilding(HengSyHua0321999) [17]

3.1PlantoSectionAnalysis

3.2Circulation 3.3SpatialOrganization

3.4Hierarchy

3.5BuildingArchitecturalAnalysis

3.6Summary-ComparisonofBuildings

3.7Appendix-ScannedOriginalPlan

4.0ArchitecturalStyleAnalysis(FooJiSun0323550) [49]

5.0BuildingConstruction,Structure&MaterialAnalysis(HoZiYan0323689) [52]

5.1BuildingConstruction

5.2BuildingMaterials

6.0ArchitecturalElementsAnalysis(HengRuiYing0326639) [60]

6.1Superstructure

6.2Finishes

7.0Conclusion [69]

8.0References [70]

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

UniversityMalayaistheoldestuniversityinMalaysia,itislocatedatthesouthwestof

KualaLumpurandwasestablishedin1962.DewanTunkuCanselor(DTC)islocatedwithinthe

campusofUniversityMalaya,constructedin1965-1966.DewanTunkuCanselorwasopenedby

thefirstPrimeMinisterofMalaysiaandthefirstChancelloroftheUniversity,theHon.Tunku

AbdulRahmanPutraAl-Haj.ThebuildingwasaninfluenceoftheInternationalstyle,Brutalist

Architecture.FamouslyknownbyLeCorbusier’sworks,similaritiescanbedistinguishedfrom

thebuildingsinChandigarh,IndiawiththeDewanTunkuCanselor.

DewanTunkuCanselorinPJ,Malaysia.ChandigarhinIndia,byLeCorbusier.

MostofthemodernbuildingsinMalaysiawereinspiredbybrutalistarchitecturewhere

thedesignsconsistsmoreofrepetitivesandangulargeometries.Theusageofrawconcrete

materialswascommonasitwasfunctionableandaffordable.ExampleofmodernMalaysian

buildingsaretheBankNegaraMalaysia,BangunanKWSPandmanymore.

BankNegaraMalaysia. BangunanKWSP.

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1.1 FastFactsoftheBuilding

BuildingName DewanTunkuCanselor

Address DewanTunkuCanselor,UniversityofMalaya, 50603KualaLumpur,Selangor.

ConstructionPeriod 1956-1966

Architect Dato’KingtonLoo

Capacity 6000people

MainFunctions Convocations Concerts Semesterexaminations Theatreperformances Seminars Conferences

HistoricalEvents

1966 OfficiallycommencedbythefirstPrimeMinisterofMalaysiaandthefirstChancelloroftheUniversity,TunkuAbdulRahmanPutraAl-Haj.

1966 ThefirsteverconvocationconductedinDewanTunkuCanselor.

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2001 AfirebrokeoutintheDewanTunkuCanselor.DamagescausedbythefirewasestimatedtobeRM12million.

2002 OfficiallyreopenedforthesecondtimebyDatukSeriAbdullahAhmadBadawi.

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1.2 Location

LocationofUniversitiMalaya.

LocationofDewanTunkuCanselorinUniversitiMalaya.

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1.3 HistoryoftheBuilding

DewanTunkuCanseloristheconventioncenterofUniversityMalayawhichisbuiltin1965by

DatukKingtonLoowhoisfromBEPArchitect.Itisrenownedasthelandmarkoftheuniversity

and also influenced by Brutalism and modernism architecture. Dewan Tunku Canselor was

declaredin25thJun1996byourfirstprimeministerALMARHUMTUNKUABDULRAHMANAL-

HAJwhowasthechancellorofUniversityMalayaduringthatperiodoftime.

Thebuildingfirstvernissageofceremonywasmanagedin1996tocontributethecredentialletter

ofthegraduatedstudents invariousgraduationsofdiploma,degree,mastersandPHD.Since

thatyear,studentsareassembledannuallyinthisbuildingforexaminationsandgraduations.In

addition,therewasanincidenton29thJun2001where90%oftheinternalbuildingwasonfire.

Itwasthenretrievedbythefacultyofenvironmentanditwasopenedagainoneyearlaterby

DatukSeriAbdullahAhmadBadawi.

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1.4 TheArchitect

Name KingtonLoo

DateofBirth 17October1930

GraduatedUniversity UniversityofMelbourne

Buildingsdesigned 1.Rexcinema 2.SubangInternationalAirport 3.Dayabumicomplex 4.DewanTunkuCanselor,UM

Achievements 1.ChairmanofMalaysiaInstituteofArchitectAdvisoryCommittee

2.PresidentofSelangorClub 3.ChairmanofBukitBintangMCA 4.PresidentofFederationofMalayaSocietyofArchitects

(FMSA) 5.CommitteesofPAMandBBAM 6.FirstPAM’sinauguralGoldMedalwinner 7.ChairmanofMalaysianZoologicalSociety 8.ChairmanofMalaysianArtsCouncil 9.CommitteeforNationalArtGallery

KingtonLoowasaprofessionalarchitectduringtheworldwarIIeraandisthepersonwhich

bringsmodernismtoSoutheastAsia.HismothernamesLokSohJuneandwasafamouspiano

playerwhowasalsothesixthdaughterofLokeChowKit,amillionairebusinessman.

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Nonetheless,Kingtonloo’sfatherwasanengineerwhowasthegrandsonofLokeYew,alate

successfulbusinessman.KingtonhadsonlyonedaughternamedYsaLoo.Kintonwasbornin

MalaysiabuthadgrownupindifferentplaceswhichincludedSingaporeandIndiatoavoidthe

Japaneseinvasion.

HewasthencontinuedhisformfoureducationinVictorianInstitutionafterreturningtoKuala

Lumpur.HehadstudiedinGovernmentcommercialDaySchoolandtookengineeringcoursein

TechnologyCollegebeforehisgreat-grandmother,LokeYewdecidedtofinancehisstudiesto

UniversityofMelbourneinAustralia.DuringhisstudiesofArchitecture,hewasthebeststudent

bywinningtheinternalcompetitiontodesigntheDeanofArchitecture’sHolidayHouse.

Loofinallygraduatedin1953andhejoinedthefirmofBooty,Edwards&Partners(BEP)after

returningtoKualaLumpur.Heworkedinthefirmtransformingfromagraduatedarchitecttoa

full-fledgedarchitectandfinallybecomeoneofthepartnersinthefirm.Duringhispractise,the

involvedintheconstructionvarioussignificantlandmarksforexampleSubangInternational

Airport,StandardCharteredbuildinginklandalsotheDewanTunkuCanselor.

Asconclusion,KingtonLoowasalwaysakindheartedandsoftspokenmanashealso

contributedhistimeinvariouspreservingsocietywhichincludedthenatureandarts.Hewas

alsopassionatethroughouthiscareerlifebyconstantlyimprovingandinnovatinghismindsetin

design.Lastly,KingtonLoocanbesaidistherolemodelofallprofessionsinthecountrywho

servedhimselftothefullnessforthesociety.

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2.0 SITECONTEXTANALYSISHongSeoTaek0322045

SiteAnalysisDiagram

- SunpathrisefromKualaLumpurandsettowardsPetalingJaya

- Northwestwinddirectionwithaverageof7.7kph(October2016data)

- Averagetemperatureof28.8degreeCelsiusandaround33degreeCelsiusduringthe

hottesttimeoftheday(12-2pm)

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2.1 Accessibility

SitemapofDTCindicatedwithmasspathwayandboundary

AmongstthemultiplehigheducationalinstitutionaroundMalaysia,UniversitiMalayaisthefirst

post-independencenationaluniversitybuilton750acrelandinbetweenKualaLumpurand

PetalingJaya.Suchhugeareaofcampusisdividedintomanydivisions,eachdivisionserving

purposeofeducatingandleadingacertainfieldofeducationtocontributeincountrygrowthby

well-structuredspecificeducation.

ThemagnificentaspectofdesignofUniversitiMalaya(UM)comparedtootherhigheducational

institutionisintermsofscaleofthebuilding.InthemasterplanofUM,isstructuredinawayto

accommodatemultipletypesofbuildingrequiredforeachdivisionsuchasadministrative,

educationalbuilding(lecturehalls),students’accommodation,commercialbuildingsandfaculty

building.Thesitecontextofthebuildingshowsthepotentialemptylandprovidedforpotential

furtherextensionandexpansionofthebuildingasthepopulationandscaleofuniversitygrows.

SiteContext–CirculationaroundtheBuildingHongSeoTaek0322045

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SitemapshowingtheconvenientaccessibilitytootheruniversitybuildingsaroundDTC

Inaddition,therearepedestrianmovementandtrafficpatternsthatcreateseffective

circulationaroundthewholecampus.Thedistancefromstudentaccommodationtodifferent

partsoftheuniversityiskepttominimumdistancetoreducethediscomfortforthestudentsby

reducingthedistancetowalkandprovidesshelterfromsunlightandrain.Suchshortdistances

betweendifferenttypesofbuilding,createsefficientflowofcirculationaroundtheuniversity.

DewanTunkuCanselor(DTC)islocatedatthesiteofUniversitiMalaya.DTCisplacedinthe

centerofUM,actingasasignaturebuildingoftheuniversityservingthepurposeofholding

largescaledeventssuchasceremoniesandexams,wherethedistancebetweenotherbuildings

ofuniversityiskeptunderakilometer.

ModeofTransportfromOutside

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PublicBusPersonalVehicleTransportationModeofInternalTransportation(incampus)

PedestrianWalkCyclingUniversityShuttleBus

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2.2 RelationtotheNaturalEnvironment

Mapofvegetationdensityandwaterarea

UMintendstocreateharmonywiththenaturalenvironment.Theplacementhavetohavean

interactionwiththeenvironmentandalsoshouldcreateobstacles.ThemajorsiteofUMis

locatedatanareaofhighforestdensitywhichwasnotdevelopedafterindependence.DTC,

beingthecentralizingbuildingisplacedonanareawheretheforestdensityisrelativelylow,

therearestilldecentamountofgreendensityforvisualpleasurewiththeclearviewofDTC.

AlsothegreeneryareaallaroundtheUMisthepotentiallandforextensionoftheuniversity

mentionedabove.

ThelakeandriverstreamflowonthesouthernsideofDTCprovidesnaturalaestheticsandcool

prevailingbreeze.ItactsasnaturaldrainagesystemforregularheavytropicalraininMalaysia

alongwiththethickvegetationaroundittopreventpotentialwaterhazardinthecampus.

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2.3 ComparisontoSurroundingBuildings

ExamplesofSurroundingEducationalBuildings

FacultyofBusinessandAccountingFacultyofEducationHighImpactResearchCenterExamplesofSurroundingCommercialBuildings

PejabatPosUMCIMBBankUMArtGallery

DTCbeingthecenteraxisoftheUMcampusasmentionedearlierinthecontentsabove,the

arrangementofthesurroundingislocatedinasortofaradialpattern.DTCiswherebigevents

oftheuniversitysuchasfinalexam,graduationandetcisorganized,categorizedasan

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educationalbuildingblock.Thesefactsindicatesthat,oftenhighpopulationdensityisheldat

thelocationincludingstudentsandstaffofUMandexternalvisitors.Duetosuchreasoning,

mostofthemajorcommercialcomponentofthecampusislocatedradiallyaroundDTCwithin

100mrangeforpeopletoconvenientlyaccessandfulfiltheirnecessityduringthevisittoDTC.

Meanwhile,thearrangementshowsthefunctionalcontrastbetweenthechancellorandother

buildings.DTCwouldbemainlycategorizedasaneducationalblockofthecampus,however

therearesomeinterestingmixtures.DTCisaneducationalbuildingwhichhasslightportionof

commercialuse.Whilecommercialblockandeducationalblockisdesignatedforspecific

purposewhichcouldbeidentifiedinthename.Everysurroundingcommercialandeducational

buildingssharesimilarcharacteristicstoeachotherinsamecategorybutthefactthatDTCis

neitherofthese2iswhatmakesituniqueanddifferentfromitssurrounding.

PedestriansaroundDTC

ExternalVisitorsUMStudents

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3.0 ARCHITECTURALLAYOUTANALYSISHengSyHua03219993.1 PlantoSectionAnalysis3.1.1LocationanalysisDewanTunkuCanselorisactuallylocatedatthetopofthehillinsideUMwhichmadeitbecome

theiconiclandmarkofthebuilding.Duetoitsspecialtopography,itsconcretefoundationcan

beseenslantedfromtheelevationplaninordertocreateaflatsurface.Moreover,Dewan

TunkuCanselorisbuiltmorethan80%usingconcrete,hence,itslocationatahighersealevel

hasactuallyanadvantageofhavingabetterlightpenetrationandwindventilation.Withthis,

DTChasavariousarchitecturalelementwhichisbothforaestheticbutalsopracticalpurpose.

ThewholeDTCareaisactuallyconsistof4mainbuildingswhichisDewanTunkuCanselor,

Amphitheatre,Canseleriandasmallcourtroom

Figure1showsthelocationandtopographyofDTC

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Diagram2showstheinfluencesoftopographytowardstheelevationofbuilding3.1.2LocationofopeningsTheopeningofDTCisactuallyaccordingtothedirectionofitsfacingpart.Openingslocatedat

theNorthandSouthareaislarger,longerandwithbiggeropeningswhiletheopeningsinEast

andwestsidearecomparativelyshorterandsmallerwithsmalleropeningsorcoveredwith

certainfaçadesanddesigns.AstheareaofDTCisalsoincludingthePusatkebudayaanbesideit,

differentfromtheDewan,theCanselerihasactuallyalargeopeningsinthemiddleofthe

buildingwhichleadstoahalfclosurestyleforthebuilding.Hence,thewholebuildingactually

portraysahalfclosureandexposurearchitecturalstylewithabrilliantusedofdifferenttypesof

openingtocreatetheambiance,windandlightqualitythatisdemandedbythearchitect.

Highest point of the hill

Increasing concrete foundation

NORTH

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Diagram3showsthedirectionofDTCincompass

Diagram4showsthewindowsandopeningsofdifferentdirectionofthemainbuilding

Opening of: Left upper: East Left Lower: West Right first: North Right second: South

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3.1.3NaturallightpenetrationandwindventilationContinuingfromtheabove,thearchitecthasactuallycreatedalotofarchitecturalelement

whichisexclusivelyforDTCinordertoachievethehighestamountofwindblowandoptimum

lightpenetration.Allthesedesignsaremainlylocatedattheopeningsattheexteriorsand

aroundthestaircasesfortheinterior.

Diagram5showsthegeneralpenetrationofwindandsunlight.

Light penetration Wind ventilation

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3.1.3.1NaturallightpenetrationThebrilliantdesignofallowingoptimumlightpenetrationofentretheinteriorcompoundcan

beclearlyseeninslantedfaçadeabovethemainentrance.Thefaçadeiscarefullymeasureand

calculatewherehalfoftheopeningsideofthefaçadeisfacingthemorningsunlightwhilethe

otherhalfisfacingtheeveningsunlight.Theflatsurfacewillbefacingtheafternoonsunlight.

Withthis,therewillbeoptimumofsunlightpenetrationthroughoutthedaywithout

overheatingtheinteriorspace.Whileforthesecondarylightdiffusingareawillbealltheglass

doorsandsmallopeningbetween2concretefaçade.Theseopeningsarealsoimportantto

createasoftandwarmambiancefortheinteriorspaces.

Diagram6showsthepercentageofsunlightpenetrationperdayandhowthefaçadeworkstoblocktheexcessivesunlight.

Morning Sunlight 50% penetration

Afternoon Sunlight 0% penetration

Evening sunlight 50% penetration

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3.1.3.2WindventilationAirventilationisalsoanimportantpartthatisconsideredbythearchitect.Forthedewanand

amphitheatredoubleceilingconceptisusedtoenhancetheairventilationeffect.This

architecturalconceptisbeinginfusedintothebuildingduetoitsmainmaterialusedisconcrete

andithaspoorairdiffusingcharacteristics.Hence,doubleceiling,conceptisintroducedwhere

theceilingheightbuiltatthefoyerareaismorethan2storeyandalmostthesameheightas

theamphitheatretoallowmaximumamountofairflow.Also,thearchitecthasavoidedmostof

thecornercreatedbyflatwallandreplaceditwithcurvedwalltomakesurethatthewindblow

isnotbeingblockbyallmeans.Hence,thereare2curvedwallatthesideofthefoyer(Diagram

7)whichisalsowherethestaircaseissituated.Thisistoallowmoreairtoenterthesecond

flowasminimalairisblockbythewall.

Diagram7showsthelocationofcurvedwallinDTC.

Curved walls are used in the foyer and staircase area.

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3.2 Circulation3.2.1TypeofplanTheoverallarchitecturalplanusedbythearchitectisactuallycentralplanasallthecirculations

routearelocatedatthesideoftheplanswhilethemiddlespaceisusedasfunctionalspacefor

eitherhumanactivitiesorventilationarea.Fortheamphitheatrethecentralspaceiswhereall

chairsarelocatedandistheaudiencesittingareawhiletheopeningsarealsosituatedatthe

sideofthehall.Withthis,theaudiencewillnotbedisturbedbythepeoplewalkingasallthe

circulationaresituatedattheleftandrightsideofthehall.Also,middleareaatthefoyerwill

actasarestingandstandingspaceforthepeopleasmostofthehumanflowisaccumulateat

theside.Asforthecanseleri,anopeningskylightisintroducedatthecentreoftheplanasa

wayforexcellentairandlightventilation.Also,rainwatercanactasthenaturalwatering

systemfortheplantationatthesmallgardenarealocatingatthegroundfloorofthebuilding.

Withthis,theambianceofthebuildingwillbemorenaturalandenvironmentalfriendly.

Diagram8showstheambiencethatbroughtintothespacebyusingacentralplanwhereallthefunctionalandnaturalelementareplaceinthecentreoftheplan.

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3.2.2PointofaccessibilityAsDTCisbuilttoaccommodateahugeamountofvisitors,studentsandalsolecturers,there

arequiteanamountofentranceactasthepointofaccessibilitytoeachseparatedspaces.

However,someoftheentranceactsastheprimaryentrancewhilesomearesecondary

entrance.Also,DewanTunkuCanselorisoneofthemostimportantyethugeconstructionsin

UM,hence,therearemorethanonetypeofcirculationforeasyexcessanduserfriendly.

Diagram9showsthepositionofentranceandthemainaccesswaylinkingthewholebuilding.

Position of doors

Access way

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3.2.2.1PrimaryentranceThereareonly5primaryentrancesinthisbuildingastheyareallthemaindoorsconnecting

fromonespacetoanother.ThefirstentranceisthefrontdoorofDTCwhereitIsthelinkage

betweenexteriorandinterior.However,theentranceisonlyopenedwhenthereissome

formaleventcarryingon.Secondandthirdentranceisthelinksbetweenthefoyerandthe

amphitheatrewhichislocatedattheleftandrightsideofthefoyer.Theseentrancearealso

theonlyentranceinandoutofthehall.Next,thelinkbridgebetweenthehallandthe

canseleri.Thisbridgeisalsotheonlylinkagebetweenthe2partsofthebuildings.Lastly,the

entranceforthecourtroom.AsthecourtroomIsaprivatespace,thereisonlyoneentrancefor

Iandoutpurpose.

Diagram10showstheprimaryentranceofDTC.

Position of doors

Access way

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3.2.2.2PubliccirculationAbout60%ofthecirculationinDTCisactuallypubliccirculationascirculationisthemain

elementthatconnectsallthespaceswitheachother.ThefoyerofDTCaswellasthecanseleri

iswherethepubliccirculationisplacedasboththeseservesasastudyandpractisingplacesfor

thestudentsinUM.Also,thewalkwaythatconnectsthefoyerandcanseleriactsasashortcut

forUMstudentstopassthrough.

Diagram11showsthemainpubliccirculationinDTC.

Position of doors

Access way

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3.2.2.3PrivatecirculationThroughoutthehistory,DTCactsastheplaceforformalfunctionsandactivities,hence,VIP

guestsandbackstageworkerswillhavetheirowncirculationpathwaytoensurethesafetyofte

guestsandtoensureasmoothworkingenvironment.Theentrancetothebackstageofthe

amphitheatreandstairstosecondfloorofDTCareactuallyconsideredasprivatecirculation.

Also,anotherprivatecirculationinthisareaistheentrancetotheVIProomandthecourtroom

asitisusedforspecialpurposesandguestsonly.

Diagram12showstheprivatecirculationinDTC.

Position of doors

Access way

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3.2.2.4PositionofstaircaseandfireescapeTherea2circularstaircasessituatedattheleftandrightsideofthestaircaseinorderto

provideasmoothcirculationaswellascreatingabalanceandsymmetryarchitecturalplan.

Anotherstaircaseispositionatthecanseleriwhichactastheonlyconnectiontoeachfloorin

thebuilding.However,thestaircasehaddesignedinawaythatitismoreusersfriendly.From

thediagrambelowitcanbeseenthatdog-leggedstairsisusedwhereuserwillonlyrequire

walkingashorterdistancetoreachthenextstaircasecomparedtothenormalstaircase.

Moreover,thefireescapeintroducedinDTCisalsonicelyconsideredastherearemorethan

oneconnectionsaredesignedtoexcesstoeachspacesespeciallywhenstairsandsmaller

entranceareused.Forinstance,thereare2circularstaircaseslocatedatbothsidesofsecond

floortoprovideaquickerandsmootherexitifthereisanemergencyaswelltheentranceand

exitfortheamphitheatre.AllthefireescapewillbedirectedtothespaceoutsideDTCandact

asatemporarilygatheringarea.

Diagram13showsthepositionoffireescapeexitandthepositionofstiacases.

Fire escape exit

Position of staircase

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3.3 Spatialorganization3.3.1.SpatialplanningAgoodspatialplanningisessentialtocreateboth,healthyenvironmentandeliminatesasmuch

threatsaspossible,hencebothnaturalandman-madeelementsarebothconsidered.

3.3.1.1NaturalelementThearchitectdesignedthebuildinginawaythathetriedtoconserveasmuchnatural

elementsaspossiblewhileblendingthenatureintothebuilding.Hence,acentralgardenis

beingdesignedtoincreasethenatureelementinthebuildingasthearchitectbelievedthat

greeneriesareablerecreateacalmandpeacefulambiencetotheuser.Also,theexteriorwall

ofthecourtroomisalsoplantedwithclimbingplanttocreateafusionofnatureandman-made

element.Italsobringuponamysterioushinttothespaceasthecourtroomisthemostprivate

spaceinthebuilding.

Diagram14showstheeffectofnaturalelementtowardsthebuilding.

The cylindrical façade are mostly covered with climbing plants to enhance the natural element and mysterious effect.

Natural element is added into the building compound as a relax and resting area

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3.3.1.2SpatialexperienceOntheotherhand,impactfulspatialexperienceiscreatedbythechangingofvolumeand

ambiancefromonespacetoanother.Thespacesareplannedandarrangedinawaythatthe

userswillfeelcomfortableandmajesticatthewhilewalkingtthroughthespacesasthe

architectwantedtobringouttheambienceoftheholinessofauniversity.Hence,double

volumeislargelyusedinthehallareaaswellaslargearchitecturalelementsforinstance,the

slantedfaçadeandthecircularwallbythewalkway.Theotherpartofthebuildingisdesigned

halfopenedasametaphorofthefreenessinthejourneysearchingforknowledge.

Diagram15showshowthearchitectureinfluencesthespatialexperiencetotheviewers.

Enlarged architectural elements is used to let the viewer feels majestic and holy.

Doubled ceiling is introduced to the foyer in increase the freeness and openness of the space

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3.3.2SpatialrelationbetweeneachspacesSpatialrelationisdefineasthecertaintyofaspaceisplacedinrelationtooneanother.

DifferenttypesofrelationareintroducedinDTCtocreateahighlylinkedbuilding.

Type1:Spacewithinaspace

Naturalspaceandman-madespacearefusedtogetherbythisrelationasthecourtyardis

createdwithinthecanseleri.Withthis,thecourtyardnotonlyactasthefunctiontofiltertheair

butalsocreateaneyepleasingviewaswellasaperfectrestingareaforthestudents.

Diagram16showshowthecourtyardandcanseleriisrelatedtooneanother.

Type2:Adjacentspace

ThefoyerofDTCandtheamphitheatreactuallysharedacommonwallandislinktogetherby

thespecificwall.Thiscanbeawaytoavoidthewastageofspacesandcreatesamore

functionalcirculation

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Diagram17showsoneoftheentrancefromthefoyertowardtheamphitheatreandhowan

adjacentspacerelatedtooneanother.

Type3:Spaceslinkedbyacommonspace

Boththefoyerandcanseleriislinktogetherbythebridgeinthemiddle.Thisspaceactsasthe

onlyconnectingforthe2otherspaces.Withthis,theconnectingspacewillalsoaidin

enhancingthespatialeffectandtheambianceofthearchitecture.

Diagram18showstheenhancementoftheambiencethatiscreatedbytheconnectingspace.

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3.3.3SpatialrelationbetweensiteThetopography,height,ventilationandexteriorcirculation.DTCissituatedontopofahill,

hencetoavoidslantedstairs,andpreservingthehill,thearchitectplacedtheentranceatthe

flatsurfaceandleavethebackofthebuildingbytheedgeofthehill.Also,inordertoprevent

trafficcongestionwhenthereisfunctionbeingheldInthebuilding,thereisnoentranceatthe

sideofthebuildingwhichisfacingtheroadside.Allthearchitectureelementsandpositionof

thewindowsarealsoplacedaccordingtothewinddirectionandsunpath.

Diagram19showsthesiteanalysisofhowthesiteinfluencesthearchitecture.

Slope

Slope

Stairs is built according the slope in order to preserve the hill as make DTC at the highest point.

A huge square is built to act as a gathering area for high population. Also, to direct the visitor to the main

Flat surface

Vehicles passing route

In order to create a smooth vehicle circulation, main entrance is placed avoiding the passing route.

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3.3.4PrivateandpublicspacesDuetoitsarchitecturalstyle,allthepublicandprivatespacedistributionareinaveryorderly

andgeometricalmanner.About50%oftheareaarepublicspace,30%ofsemi-publicspaceand

20%ofthespacesareprivatespace.Themostprivatespacewouldbethecourtroomatthe

edgeofthebuildingasthespacehastotallynowindowswithonlyadoorconnectingtoa

narrowhallway.ThecourtroomalsosituatedinsidetheprivateVIPrestingroomfortheguests

includingsometimesthePrimeMinisterofMalaysia.Whileforthesemi-publicarea,thespaces

areoftenseparatedbydoorsandwall,forexamplethemanagementoffice,backstageand

storeroom.Asforthepublicspaces,theyarealsocommonlyusedaspartofthecirculationand

alsocommonrestingareaforallthestudents.Thesespacesalsomainlysituatednearthemain

entranceforinstance,thefoyer,amphitheatreandthegarden.

Diagram21showstheseparationofpublicandprivatespaces.

Public

Semi public

Private

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3.4 Hierarchy3.4.1SpatialflowAsthebuildingispartofthemodernismarchitecture,thespatialflowisoftenverygentleinan

orderlywaywhereatransitionvolumeorambiencewillbecreatedbythearchitect.

3.4.1.1FrompublictoprivateTheprivateandpublicspacesarebeingseparatedclearlyinDTCandthearchitectwillgivea

clearhintbychangingthesurroundingarchitecture.Thewayfromthecanseleritothecourt

roomistheperfectexample.AVIPrestingroomiscreatedasatransitionalspacefromthe

publicspacetoprivateareaasthewalloftheroomismimicasadisplaycabinetwhilethe

entranceoftheroomissituatedattheside.Uponreachingthecourtroom,userswillhaveto

passthroughawalkwaywhichheightisonlyabout2.3metresandawidthofabout1.3metres.

Thesuddenchangedofvolumeimposedaclearsenseofprivacyandmysterious.Therearealso

nowindowinthecourtroomandthespaceisdesignedinacircularshapewhereitmimicasa

maintenancearealookingfromtheoutside.

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3.4.1.2FrominteriortoexteriorThearchitectbrilliantlyusedthechangeofambiencebymanipulatingthelightpenetrationand

windventilationtoallowtheuserhasamorecomfortableexperience.Forinstance,the

amphitheatreisdarkerandmoresorrowintheambienceaslightpenetrationislimitedbythe

curtainsandwalls.However,whilewalkingtowardsthefoyerwhichactsasatransitionalspace

fromtheinteriorandexterior,moreopenedwindowsandglasswallsareusedtoallowmore

lightenteringthespace.Theuserwillbeabletoadapttothegentlechangebeforeexpose

themselvesunderthesunlight.

Private

Diagram 22 shows the volume of space shows a strong sense of hierarchy as it goes from public to private space.

Public Double ceiling height

Normal ceiling height

Lower ceiling height

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Diagram23showsthehierarchyofnaturallightintensity

Interior

Exterior

Low natural light intensity which makes the users feel enclosed.

Optimum natural light intensity as a transitional space for the users to adapt.

High natural light intensity where the users are exposed

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3.4.2SpatialfunctionandpurposeThearchitectureofthebuildingwillchangeandadapttothespatialfunctionandpurpose.DTC

has4mainspacesinthebuildingandeachofithasitsownpurposeservedtotheusers.

Foyer:Thisspaceactsasagatheringareafortheguestsbeforeenteringtheamphitheatre.Also

actsasthepractisingareafortheperformers.

Amphitheatre:Largehallwhichcanaccommodate25000people.Venueformostoftheformal

functionorganizedbyUMforinstance,convocation,annualdinnerandmusicalperformance.

Canseleri:Formercanseleri,currentlyhaschangedintoclassroomsandmanagementofficefor

DTC,alsonamedasPusatKebudayaanwheresomecultureartefactsareexhibitedhere.

Courtroom:Asmall,enclosed,privateplacewhichactasacourtroomtodiscussaboutlegal

casesinUMandalsomakingclassifieddiscussionwithintheleadersoftheUniversity.

Diagram24showsthemainspatialfunctionofDTC.

Canseleri Court room

Foyer Amphitheatre

39

3.4.3Person-containerrelationship

Thevolumeofthespaceisdeterminedbytheamountofuserthatwillaccommodatethespace

andthepublicityofthespace.Hence,publicspacelikethefoyerandamphitheatrewillhave

doublevolumeandmoreexposedspacewhilespacethatwillonlyneedtoaccommodatelesser

peoplelikethecourtroomwillhavelowerceilingheightandamoreenclosesurrounding.

Diagram25showstherelationshipofspacevolumeandpublicity.

As the publicity of the space become higher, the volume of the space will increase to accommodate more human and kinds of activity which includes passive and active activities.

As the publicity of the space become lower, the volume of the space will decrease less human activity will be achieved for example, passive activities.

40

3.5 BuildingArchitecturalAnalysis3.5.1RepetitionDuetoitsmodernismarchitecturalperiod,thearchitectureelementusedinDTCareoften

repeated.Fromtheexteriordesign,repeatedconcreteshapescanbeseenasapartofaesthetic

aswellasfunctionedastocontrolthelightintensityoftheinteriorspaces.Asinfluencedbythe

architectureperiod,thearchitectureaimstoachieveamoreharmoniousambiencehence,

repeatedconcreteslabscanbeseenaroundthebuildingwithonlyaslightchangeofwidthand

height.Aunitycanbeseenasallthematerialsandarchitecturalelementsusedareconstantly

repeated.

Diagram26showstherepetitionofarchitectureelementsavailableattheelevationofDTC.

41

3.5.2SymmetryandbalanceTheplanofthebuildingissymmetryandbalancewhichalsoreflectstomissionofUM,

representingthebalanceddevelopmentinproducingtalent.Besidetoachieveanaesthetically

balancedarchitecture,thebalancedandsymmetryplanwillalsoensureasmootheranddirect

circulationwhichisalsouserfriendlytothevisitors.

Diagram27showshowtheplanofDTCisbeingsectionedsymmetrically.

42

3.5.3RepetitivetouniqueAlthoughsimpleandrepeatedgeometricshapesareusedfortheplan,however,thearchitect

experimentedwithdifferentcombiningmethodbyoverlapping,intersectingandfusingthe

shapeswitheachothertocreateauniqueyetharmoniousplan.Forinstance,thecourtyard

whichissituatedinthecentreofthecanseleriisaresultofoverlapping2differentsizeof

squareswitheachother.Thecircularstairsarealsotheproductionofintersectionofcircleand

rectangular.

Diagram28showshowrepetitivegeometricarearrangedinauniquewaytocreatespecial

architecturaleffect.

overlapping

Intersecting

43

3.5.4AdditiveandsubtractiveAdditiveandsubtractivemethodisimposedintothebuildingassociatewiththegeometricplan.

Acuboidissubtractedfromtheplantocreatethecourtyardwhileacylinderisaddedintothe

cuboidcourtyardasstairs.Acontrastbetweenstraightandcurvilinearlinescanbeseenby

addingthecylindersaroundthecuboidplan.

Diagram29showshow3dimensionalgeometricshapesareaddedorsubtractedtocreatethe

desiredarchitecturaleffect.

Subtracted method is used to create the courtyard

Additional method is used for the cylindrical parts.

44

3.5.5GeometricThebuildingemergesfromthecombinationsofgeometriccirclesandrectangularshapes.The

shapesareplacedinorderlymannerwithouthavinganyorganicshapeswhichisalsoinfluenced

bythearchitecturalstyle.Thespatialfunctionandorganizationcaneasilybedeterminedasitis

plannedaccordingtothesimplerepeatedgeometricshapes.

Diagram30showshowgeometricshapesareplannedintheplanandthespaceorganisation.

Rectangle 1 space 1 Rectangle 2 space 2

Rectangle 3 space 4

Rectangle 4 space 6

Circle 1 space 3

Circle 1 space 5

Circle 1 space 7

45

3.5.6BuildingmassingThebuildingmassingiscreatedbyoverlappingcylindersandcuboidwhileitsvolumeandheight

isdeterminedbyitsfunctionandpublicity.Apartfromthat,themassingisfurtherfurnishedby

brisesoleilwhichactsasthedesignandfaçadeofthebuilding.

Diagram31showshowpublicityandhumanactivitiesdeterminethemassingofthebuilding.

Volume: large Height: high Publicity: high Usage: to create multiple floors for mass usage

Volume: small Height: low Publicity: low Usage: for private discussions

Volume: large Height: high Publicity: high Usage: for public function which involve large human count

Volume: large Height: high Publicity: high Usage: as gathering area before function

46

3.6 Summary–Comparisonofbuildings3.6.1ChandigarhbyLeCorbusierDewanTunkuCanselor Chandigarh

Exterior

Thebalanceddevelopmentin

producingtalent

Building

concept

Themajesticoflawandthepowerof

fearoflaw

Usageofbothcircularandrectangular

geometricshapes

Architectura

lPlan

Onlyrectangulargeometricshapes

available

47

Amphitheatre,canseleriandcourt

room

Function Highcourt,Offices

Allcirculationislinkedtogetherwith

eachother

Circulation Eachcourtroomhasindividual

entrancefromoutside

Courtyard Subspace

available

Carpark

Allthewindowandopeningsize

changedinahierarchy

Exterior

openingsize

Windowandopeningsizechangedin

hugedistinguish

Involvedlinearandcurvilinearshapes Building

massing

Onlylinearshapesareinvolved

Asconclusion,bothDTCandChandigarhsharesomecommonarchitecturalelementlikethe

hugefaçadeandoversizestyle.However,DTCisricherinitshierarchy,harmonyandambience

whichcanbesaidthatDTCisamoresensational,considerateyetmajesticones.

48

3.7 Appendix-Scannedoriginalplan

Amphitheatrefloorplan

Canselerifloorplan

Rightelevation

Leftelevation

49

4.0 ARCHITECTURESTYLEANALYSIS FooJiSun0323550

Brutalistarchitecturegainedmomentuminthemid-twentiethcentury.Communities

thatwerefacingeconomicdepressionhadtorelyonlowcostconstructionmethods.Brutalism

stretchesthelimitofhowconcretecanbeused.However,thesebuildingslacktheappearance

ofinternationalstylebuildingsduetotheprominentuseofrawconcrete.

TheDewanTunkuCanseloradoptstheBrutaliststyleofthe1950sand60s.Itisoneof

thefirststructuresthatisinfluencedbySwiss-FrencharchitectLeCorbusier.Thisstyle

incorporatestheuseofappropriatebuildingmaterials,withoutusingornamentationofthe

building.BritisharchitectssawthesuccessofLeCorbusier’sworkandstartedsteppinginto

brutalism.

FacadeoftheDTCfacingthemainroad.

FacadeofthemainentranceoftheDTC.

Asseeninthepicturesabove,concreteisveryprominentbecauseitissaidtorevealthe

rawnatureofitsconstruction.

50

Verticallouvres.

BriseSoleil.

Thebuildingisalsodesignedwithrepetitionofmodularelementsformingaunified

mass.Thisgivesthebuildingamassiveandblockyappearance.

ProminentwatertoweratHunstantonSchool.

ExteriorstaircaseattheDTC.

Acommonfeatureinbrutalistarchitectureistheexposureofthebuilding’sfunctions,

rangingfromstructureandservicestohumanuse.Forexample,theHunstantonSchoolin

Norfolk,England,placedthefacility’swatertankonaprominentandvisibletower,insteadof

keepingithiddenlikeotherbuilding’sservicefeatures.

51

OtherexamplesofbrutalisminMalaysia

BankNegaraMalaysia,KualaLumpur.

MenaraDBKL,KualaLumpur.

WismaEquity,KualaLumpur.

DewanSriPinang,Georgetown.

BrutalistarchitecturesawariseinMalaysiawhenthecolonialerawascomingtoanend.

Brutalismbecamepopularmostlywithgovernmentalandinstitutionalbuildings.Anotherone

ofthemorenotablearchitectsthatadoptedbrutalistarchitectureinMalaysiaisHijjasKasturi,

whodesignedoneofthemostprominentbrutalistbuildingsinMalaysia,WismaEquity.

52

5.0 BUILDINGCONSTRUCTION,STRUCTUREANDMATERIALANALYSIS

5.1BuildingConstruction HoZiYan0323698

Figure5.1:thepanoramicviewofDewanTunkuCanselor.

DewanTunkuCanselorisabuildingthatwasconstructedwithrawconcreteorbareconcretethat

isnamedas “betronbrut”alongwith“egg-crate”concrete.Themainpurposeofusing these

materialsistoenhancethedurabilityofthebuilding.Moreover,precastconcreteisusedbecause

it has made the construction work easier since it implemented repetitive elements in the

architecture.

Figure5.2:thefacadeviewofDewanTunkuCanselor.

53

5.1.1ConcreteRibbedSlabCeilings

Theconcreteribbedslabceilingsarebeingusedinthebuilding.Ribbedfloorsconsistofequally

spacedribsthataresupportedbycolumns.Thisconstructioniscommonduetotheformwork

costsandthelowfirerating.Theribbedslabsareforsupportingmediumtoheavyloads.From

theribstothesoffitoftheslab,itactuallyreducesthequantityofconcreteandtheweightofthe

floor.

Figure5.3:theribbedslabceilingoftheinterior. Figure5.4:zoominviewoftheceiling.

Figure5.5:thedrawingdetailsoftheribbedceilings.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE:

1. Arrangingtheframework2. Fixingtheconnectors3. Fixingtheframework4. Providingahorizontal

connector5. PlacingthePods6. Fixingpodstothe

connectors7. Removingframework8. Removingconnectors9. Removingpods10. Providingstacking

54

5.1.2PrecastConcrete

Precastconcreteisaproductthatisfactory-madepiecemanufacturedwithconcreteandlater,

togetherwithotherpieces,willbecomealargerstructure.Itisa20thcenturydevelopment,itis

believed that precasting increases the strength and decreases time and construction costs.

Precastconcretecomponentsconsistsofslabs,beams,columns,walls,stairways,modularboxes

andbathroomsthatisfeaturedwithprecastfigures.

THESIMILARITIESBETWEENTHEMODERNBUILDINGSINTHEWEST

BOSTONCITYHALL

The Boston City Hall is one of the building that meets the similarity in Tunku Dewan Canselor where both of the buildings is brutalism architecture. The city hall is constructed with precast Portland cement concrete and some masonry.

Figure 5.6: one of the façade view that shows precast concrete material.

Figure 5.7: the picture of the Boston City Hall

55

5.1.3BétonBrut

Bétonbrutisasmootharchitecturalsurfacethatismadeofconcrete.Aftercasting,theconcrete

is left unfinished and remained exposed visually. The final state of the surface where the

frameworkisremoved,theframeworkjointsarereflectedontheconcretesurface.Itisusedin

DewanTunkuCanselorasamainpartofmaterialoftheconstruction.

THESIMILARITIESBETWEENTHEMODERNBUILDINGSINTHEWEST

UNITED’HABITATION

The Unite d’Habitation is designed by Le Corbusier. The building is constructed in béton brut same as Tunku Dewan Canselor because steel at that period of time was expensive.

Figure 5.8: the pathway to the Canselor.

Figure 5.9: the pathway in Unite D’habitation.

56

5.1.4SpiralStaircase

Astaircaseisusedtoconnectbetweenonelevelstoanotherinabuilding.Thebuildingmaterials

of staircase can be varied from timber, stone, steel or concrete. In brutalism architecture,

concrete is the material that is widely used. Since Dewan Tunku Canselor is influenced by

brutalism,itsmainmaterial,concrete,isbeingimplementedinthebuilding,whichincludespart

ofthemainfeatureofthebuilding,thespiralstaircase.

THESIMILARITIESBETWEENTHEMODERNBUILDINGSINTHEWEST

VILLASAVOYE

One of the most famous brutalist architects is Le Corbusier. The Villa Savoge is one of his renowned work and this residential building features a spiral staircase that is designed by him.

Figure 5.10: the spiral staircase of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Figure 5.11: the spiral staircase of Villa Savoye.

57

5.2BuildingMaterials

5.2.1Concrete

In brutalist architecture, concrete ismainly used as constructionmaterial. It is believed that

concreteisthebasicnatureofconstruction.DewanTunkuCanselorisconstructedbyreinforced

concrete.Theexteriorofthebuildingaremadeoutofbareconcretestructure,bétonbrutand

reinforcedconcrete.Thestaircaseisalsomadebyconcreteanditsrailingsconsistamixtureof

timberandconcrete.

Figure5.12:thefrontviewofDewanTunkuCanselor.

Figure5.13:thebackviewofthespiralstaircase.

The picture of the building that is made of reinforced concrete.

Spiral staircase that is made of concrete.

58

5.2.2Glass

TheglassispartofthematerialsthatisusedintheconstructionofDewanTunkuCanselor.Itis

implementedintheinstallationofwindowsandskylights.Laminatedglass,floatglassandstained

glassarethe3typesofglassthatareused.Fortheskylightswhichistheroofingsystemofthe

building is constructed by using laminated glass. It reduces the risk of causing injuries as

laminatedglassisatypeofsafetyglassthatisabletoholdtogetherwhenshattered.Floatglass

isappliedinwindowsinstallation.Itisadecorativeandhighlytransparentglassthatenhancethe

clarityofthewindows.Stainedglassisimplementedinthefoyerasapurposeofdecoration.Itis

atypeofglassthatisalsoknownascolouredglass.Thefloralpatternstainedglassaddsvisual

attractiontothebuilding.

Laminated glass used in roofing system

Float glass used in windows

Stained glass used in the foyer

Figure 5.14: the roof system of Dewan Tunku Canselor.

Figure 5.15: the windows of the building.

Figure 5.16: windows of the foyer that uses flowered glass.

59

5.2.3Tiles

ThetilesonthefloorarecommonlyappliedinthebuildingconstructionofDewanTunkuCanselor.

Thereare2typesoftilesbeingimplementedwhichisthegranitetilesandtheporcelaintiles.The

flooringofthebuildingisconstructedwithgranitetiles.Granitetilesareformedunderhighheat

andtheyhavesimilarstrengthtoporcelaintiles.Theporcelaintilesareusedtocoverupthetoilet

flooring.Porcelaintilesarestronganddurable.Theyareeasytocleanandmaintenanceasitis

oneofthestain-proofmaterial.

Figure5.17:thetilesofthespiralstaircaseinthebuilding.

Figure5.18:thewalltilesoftherestroomsinthebuilding.

Ceramic tiles used in staircases

Porcelain tiles used in restrooms

60

6.0 ARCHITECTURALELEMENTS/COMPONENTSANALYSIS

6.1Superstructure HengRuiYing0326639

6.1.1.Roof

Extendedwaffleslabstotheexterior.

DewanTunkuCanselorhasacantileveredroofsurroundingthebuilding.Theroofispart

oftheceilingslabswhichisextendedoutwards.Theslabsalsoholdandsupportstheroof.

Flatroofing.

Spacesontherooftopisutilized.

(Left:DewanTunkuCanselor;Right:TheAssemblyPlace,Chandigarh,India)

RoofDrainage

61

Theroofofthebuildingisflat;presenceofdrainagesystemcanbefoundontheroof

whichpreventstheaccumulationofrainwaterontheflatroofsurface.Byutilizingtheflatspacesabovetheroof,servicesareplacedontopoftheroof.ComparingtoLeCorbusier’sbuildinginChandigarh,TheAssemblyPlace.TheroofofthebuildingisalsoutilizedassimilarwiththeDewanTunkuCanselor.

6.1.2.Ceiling/Slab

DewanTunkuCanselor’swaffleslab.

Waffleslabscanbenefitasitcanwithstandheavierloadsandalsospanlongerdistances

comparedtotheusualflatslabs.Thesesystemsarelightandonlytheusageoflightframeworkisrequired.Thecofferedundersidecanbeseenfromtheinteriortopromoteaestheticvisualappearances.6.1.2.Windows

FloralandabstractpatternsonthewindowsofDewanTunkuCanselor.

ThefixedwindowslocatedonthegroundfloorofDewanTunkuCanselorusesstained

glasswindowswithabstractandfloralpatternsthatthefoyer.Itgivesapleasantvisual

62

aestheticmeanwhileitalsocreatesasoftessenceratherthanjustconcreterigidstructureandalsoawelcomingsensation.

Windowsattheadministrationofficearea.

Thewindowsaroundtheadministrationareausesnormalwindows.Theareaisnotexposedtopublicthereforeitemphasizesmoreonfunctionalitythanaestheticscomparedtothestainedglassusedatthefoyerofthebuilding.

6.1.3.Doors

Glassdoubledoorslocatedaroundthesideentranceofthebuilding.

(Left:Glassdoubledooratthesideentranceofthebuilding’sexterior;Right:Doorentrancetowardsthemain

hallofDewanTunkuCanselor)

63

Theprominentusageofglassdoubledoorscanbeseenthroughoutthebuilding.Apartfromwalls,doorsplayanimportantroleincirculatingthepeoplethroughoutthebuilding.Thebuildingitselfholdsfunctionsandcertainactivitieswhichoftenbringsinanumberofcrowd.Doubledoorseasethecirculationofthepeopleenteringandexitingthebuilding. Thedoorsaremostlymadeofglasstobringinnaturallightintothebuilding.Thebuildingismadeofconcretewhichblocksmostofthenaturallightings.Withtheusageofglassdoors,itenhancesthelightingsintothebuildinggivingitabrighterenvironmentfortheinteriors.

6.1.4.Staircase

Wshapestaircase.

3typesofstaircasescanbeseeninthebuilding.TheWshapestairscanbeseenatthe

othersideofthebuildingwherethe‘PusatKebudayaan’is.Itconnectsthelevelsbetweentheupperfloorandlowerfloor,alsoallowingtheflowofpeopleintwodirections.

Halflandingstaircase.

64

Theemergencyexitfromthehallwhichleadstothehalflandingstaircase.Thepictureontherightshowsthe

doorexittowardsthestaircase.

Thehalflandingstaircaseislocatedattheexteriorofthebuildingwhichisconnectedtothegrandhall.Itisusedasanemergencyexit.

Spiralstaircase.

Left:Unattachedstepsofstairs.;Right:Studdedmosaicsatthesidesofthestepflooring.

Thespiralstaircaseisatbothsidesofthehallconnectingthegroundfloortotheupper

mezzaninefloors.Thestepsofthespiralstaircasearenotconnectedbutattachedtothewalls.Presenceofslightlystuddedpiecesofmosaicsattheedgeofeachstepswhichhelpstopreventpeoplefromslipping.Besides,thelightingaroundthestairsisalittledulltherefore,thewhenlightingshinesuponthemosaicitreflectsandtellstheuserthatthere’sanotherstepahead.

EmergencyExits

65

6.1.5.Skylight

Theskylightcanbeseenatthecantileveredshadeatthesideentranceofthebuilding.

Thepositionoftheskylightsisplacedinfrontofthedoorentrances.

SkylightswereuseddecadesagobytheAncientRomans.‘Open’skylightscanbeseenin

buildingssuchasthePantheonwheretheoculusservesfordaylightingpurposes.HoweverlaterduringtheIndustrialRevolution,‘Closed’skylightswereintroducedasmachineshaslightenedtheburdenpeopletomanufactureglasses.

SkylightsareusedfortheexteriorofDewanTunkuCanseloratthesideentrance.The

skylightallowsmorenaturalsunlightenteringthearea.Asthecantileveredroofisfullycovered,thetwoskylightsareplacedrightinfrontofthedoorentrancebyincreasingtheamountofnaturallightingsandalsobringinginawelcomingfirstimpression.Theusageofskylightsalsopromotesenergyconservationwhereartificiallightingsisnotneededmuch.

Door Entrance

Door Entrance

66

6.2Finishes6.2.1.‘BriseSoleil’

TheBriseSoleilofDewanTunkuCanselor.

Theinteriorofthebuildingitself,showinghowlightaffectstheinteriorspaceswiththesunscreenonthe

façade.

TheusageofbrisesoleilissimilarasThePalaceofAssemblyinChandigarhbyLeCorbusier.

67

‘BriseSoleil’alsoknownassunscreen,isthemostprominentelementthatcanbeseenfromthefaçadeofDewanTunkuCanselor.Theconcretedsunshadingdevicesitselfstandsoutcomparedtootherbuildingswhicharepresentinthearea.Thesesunscreensdeflectsunlight,providestheinterioracoolerspacebyreducingitsheatgain.Eachlevelofthescreenisalternatedintheoppositewaytoallowlightsfromdifferentdirectionenteringthebuilding.SimilaritycanbeseenbetweenLeCorbusier’sworkinChandigarh.

6.2.2.TensileFabricCanopy

TensileFabricCanopiescanbeseenatpartsofthebuilding.

Theeffectofthecanopyprovidingasuitableshadingandbrightness.

Shadingdeviceswereavailableinthebuildingitself.Toshadetheopenspaceswithin

thebuildings,tensilefabriccanopiesareusedtoshadetheopenareawherethesmallrestareaandgardenis.Thefabricistranslucent;therefore,itprovidesacomfortablelevelofilluminationcomparedtotheusualoutdoorbrightness.Thesmallporesonthefabricnotonlyallowsventilationbutitcanalsoholduprainwater.

68

6.2.3.AcousticPanels

Thewallsofthehallincorporatewithpartconcreteandpartofitwithacousticpanels.

Acousticpanelsarealternatelyarrangedalongthewallsofthegrandhall.

Acousticpanelsareexcellentsoundproofingmaterialsthatpreventsechoes.Thegrand

hallisaplacewithfunctionsandeventswhichcanaccommodatealotofpeople.Echoesarelikelytohappenthereforewiththeinstallationofacousticpanelsalongthewall,itabsorbsthesoundandreducesthereflectionofsoundwhichcausesechoes.Withoutusingthepanelsfullybutincorporatingwithothermaterialsofthewallitself.Itgivesapleasantvisualappearancetothehallaswell.

Acoustic Panels

69

7.0 CONCLUSION

Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) is one of the first known post-independence architecture of

MalaysiabyDatukKingtonLoo,adoptingthestyleofbrutalismarchitectureasapartofUniversiti

Malayacampus.Suchbrutalismarchitecturewereseenandthoughtasahardandmonotony

architecturestylewhichmaynotbesuitableforsuchsignaturebuildingofaninstitutiononone

sideofmanydifferentperspectives.

Despite that, this brutalism explored on architectural honesty, simplicity and emphasis on

sculptural qualitiesof the constructionmaterial itself, concrete. Texture, colouring andother

internalcharacteristicsofconcreteasthemajorpartofdesignandconstruction,providedsense

ofrigidnesstotheviewers,butitalsosymbolizedthegreatandmajesticstrength.Thisstyleof

architectureallowedtheextremeexpressionofexternalelevationsandperspectiveandwhole-

sitearchitecturalplan.Thiswasagaintheapplicationofmodernism’sbasics.

TheinteriorofDTChasbeendesignedwithrelationtotraditionandcultureofpost-

independenceMalaysia,creatingacontrastingharmonywiththemoderntechnologiestoadapt

tothetropicalclimateofMalaysia.OverallsuchachievementfromconstructingDewanTunku

Canselorbroughtinamajorpositiveinfluencetomodernpost-independencearchitecturein

Malaysianarchitectureindustry.

70

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