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Faculty Fellow, BC Open Textbook ProjectOER Research Fellow, Open Education Group
Dept. of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University
Rajiv Jhangiani, Ph.D.
The Desirable and Inevitable Shift Towards Open Pedagogy and Open Science
THE FUTURE IS OPEN
"Ivory Towers" by James F Clay is licensed under CC BY-‐NC 4.0
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average BC student debt in 2011 was $29,497
• 3 years after graduating, only 34% are debt free
• BC students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
"Kids Giving you problems? Hire an Elephant" by peasap is licensed under CC BY 2.0
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average BC student debt in 2011 was $29,497
• 3 years after graduating, only 34% are debt free
• BC students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average student debt in Canada is $28,495
• 3 years after graduating, only 34% are debt free
• BC students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average student debt in Canada is $28,495
• 3 years after graduating, only 34%are debt free
• BC students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average student debt in Canada is $28,495
• 3 years after graduating, only 34%are debt free
• BC Students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average student debt in Canada is $28,495
• 3 years after graduating, only 34%are debt free
• BC Students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
• Half of Bachelor’s degree graduates rely on student loans
• In Sept. 2010 Federal student loan debt surpassed $15 billion
• Average student debt in Canada is $28,495
• 3 years after graduating, only 34%are debt free
• BC Students now work 180% more hours than they did in 1975 to pay for PSE
• When debt reaches $10,000, program completion rates drop from 59% to 8%
• The cost of textbooks has risen by 1041% since 1977
1,489,536 full-‐time students
@ $750/year
= $1.1 Billion
Buy used (if possible)Resell (if possible)Old editionInternational editionShared purchaseRent(Inter)library loansPhotocopy
��������������������
60%+ do not purchase textbooks at some point due to cost
35% take fewer courses due to textbook cost
31% choose not to register for a course due to textbook cost
23% regularly go without textbooks due to cost
14% have dropped a course due to textbook cost
10% have withdrawn from a course due to textbook cost
Source: 2012 student survey by Florida Virtual Campus
There is a direct relationship between textbook costs and student success
"Crazy Stunt" by Ross G. Strachan is licensed under CC BY-‐NC-‐ND 4.0
"circa 1890 -‐ Hamlin's Wizard Oil"by clotho98 is licensed under CC BY-‐NC 4.0
"'THAT WAS EASY!'" by joepopp is licensed under CC BY-‐NC-‐ND 2.0
Principal Agent Dilemma
Retain Redistribute
Revise Remix
Reuse
Source: David Wiley, http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/3221March 5, 2014, CC-‐BY
open = free + permissions
open.bccampus.ca
open.bccampus.ca
open.bccampus.ca
Faculty Reviews
291/365 by thebarrowboy used under a CC-BY
open.bccampus.ca
From Reviews to Adaptations
My Adventures Adapting a Chemistry Textbook291/365 by thebarrowboy used under a CC-BY
open.bccampus.ca
New Creations
"Opening the Curriculum: Open Education Resources in U.S. Higher Education, 2014"by I. Elaine Allen & Jeff Seaman, Babson Survey Research Group is licensed under CC BY 4.0
Those who have adopted OER rate the quality of OER as significantly higher: F(1, 35) = 7.88, p = .008, = 0.18(Jhangiani et al., 2015)
ηp2
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Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree
Rajiv
Richard
Overall, I am satisfied with the quality of the modules/chapters in the open textbook
Jhangiani & Le Grand (2014)
N = 105%
Overall, I am satisfied with the convenience, access, & portability of the open textbook
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Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree
%
Jhangiani & Le Grand (2014)
The cost savings that come with an open textbook are important to me
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Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree
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Jhangiani & Le Grand (2014)
What is the average cost of the textbooks that you purchase for your other courses?
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<$50 $51-‐$100 $101-‐$150 $151-‐$200 >$200
Rajiv
Richard
Jhangiani & Le Grand (2014)
%
I would have preferred to pay for a traditional textbook for this course
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Jhangiani & Le Grand (2014)
%
I like how the theories are explained in more understandable ways compared to other textbooks where the author tends to talk in circles before explaining what is being talked about
I would not have bought the text book for this course because it's an elective. I would have possibly walked away with a C, now I might actually get an A-‐
It is easily accessible and convenient. Material is easy to understand and follow
I personally really like the convenience of having the complete set of chapters on my computer and even accessible from my phone if I need it. I like that I don't have to lug around another text book
It's free and it's a great money saver
11 Peer Reviewed Studies
http://openedgroup.org/
48,623 Students
http://openedgroup.org/
Hilton & Laman (2012)
• 7 psychology faculty• Houston Community College• 23 sections (690 students)
Traditional textbook (Spring 2011)
Open textbook(Fall 2012)
GPA 1.6 2.0
Withdrawal rate (%) 14 7.1
Final examination (%) 67.6 71.1
Hilton, J., & Laman, C. (2012). One college’s use of an open psychology textbook. Open Learning, 27(3), 265-‐272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2012.716657
Robinson et al. (2014)
• Quasi-‐experimental design• Propensity-‐score matched groups• OT students scored slightly higher on end-‐of-‐year standardized science tests• Significant gains in chemistry• No differences in physics or earth systems
Robinson T. J., Fischer, L., Wiley, D. A., & Hilton, J. (2014). The impact of open textbooks on secondary science learning outcomes. Educational Researcher, 43(7), 341-‐351. doi: 10.3102/0013189X14550275
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
OER
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
Cost savings
Access
Portability
Course performance
Adapt, update, & remix
Enrolment
Student retention
Program completion
open.bccampus.ca
What can YOU do?
• Survey your student body• #textbookbroke campaign• Presentations • Utilize visuals, create displays• Speak directly to faculty & admin• Suggest that faculty review a textbook• Showcase examples• Form a student-led OER group• Connect. Collaborate.
The Z-DegreeREMOVING TEXTBOOK COSTS AS A BARRIER TO STUDENT SUCCESS THROUGH AN OER-BASED CURRICULUM
Decreased cost to graduate by 25%
Increased pedagogical flexibility
Improved course completion rates
RESEARCH ESSAYS.I CAN WRITE RESEARCH ESSAYS
• >8,500 Psychology articles
• Viewed >64,000 times every six months
• ~63% have gone through Wikipedia’s peer assessment
• ~9% have achieved “good article” status
Benefits
• Achieve deeper understanding of the topic (Farzan & Kraut, 2013)
• Evaluate and defend credibility of sources (Marentette, 2014)
• Write more concisely and think more critically (Farzan & Kraut, 2013)
• Collaborating with students from around the world (Karney, 2012)
• Provide and receive constructive feedback (Ibrahim, 2012)
• Enhance digital literacy (Silton, 2012)• Communicate ideas to a general audience (APS, 2013)
14,000
33,000
92%
Students who have taken on Wikipedia assignments since 2010
New articles that students have created
Instructors who say they will, or plan to, teach with Wikipedia again
Open hypotheses & analysis
plan
Open research materials
Open data
Open source
statistical software
Open peer review
Open publishing
OpenSciencePractices
RECORD PROFITS+ volunteer work =Public funding
Where Social Justice Meets Good Pedagogy
