Unit Europe

1

Starter:Review Vocabulary Terms

• Label Your Starter 1-11• You only need a little space between

each number.• Take the following matching quiz.• Write the the corresponding letter

next to each number.

2

• 1 peninsula a. group of islands/many islands in an area

• 2 strait b. land surrounded by water • 3 channel c. area of the world that has definable characteristics

• 4 canal d. passageway of water that joins 2 seas, wider than strait

• 5 archipelago e. ocean water that is partly surrounded or nearby land

• 6 isthmus f. land surrounded by water on 3 sides

• 7 island g. man made waterway that connects 2 seas

• 8 region h. narrow strip of land with sea on either side

• 9 sea i. narrow passage of water connecting 2 seas

• 10 relative location j. north, south, east, west, etc.

• 11 cardinal directions k. location in relation to another area(s) 2

Blarney Castle in Ireland

• Major Countries:- United Kingdom (U.K.)- Spain- Ireland- France- Italy- Greece- Germany- Poland- Ukraine- Russia

• Bodies of Water- Oceans

- Atlantic- Arctic

- Seas- Mediterranean- Black- Caspian- North- Aegean- Baltic

North Sea

Looking west across the Norwegian Sea from Lofoten archipelago (Norway) – sunrise or sunset?

• Rivers- Rhine- Danube- Volga

Danube River – Budapest, Hungary

Aegean Sea

• Channel- English

Land’s End

• English Channel Tunnel or “Chunnel”- Tunnel between U.K. and France- Completed in 1994- 31 miles in length

Queen Elizabeth (U.K.) and Francois Mitterrand (France)

• Strait- Gibraltar

Looking toward Morocco (Africa) from Spain (Europe) – What direction are you looking?

• Lake (Loch)- Ness (Scotland)

The famous photo of the monster!!! (Is it real?)

• Mountain Ranges - Alps- Ural (border between Europe and Asia)- Caucasus (between Black & Caspian Seas/Europe & Asia

border)

Alps

Ural

Caucasus

Ural Mountains (Russia) Matterhorn (Alps) – Swiss/Italian border

Austrian Alps

Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps

• Highest Mountain in Europe (altitude/elevation)- Mount Elbrus (Russia-Caucasus Range) - 18,506 ft.

- Mt. Vesuvius (volcano in Italy)- Destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 A.D.

Pompeii was mostly destroyed and buried under 13 to 20 ft of ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.s mostly destroyed and buried under 4

AD.

- Pompeii was rediscovered in 1749 A.D.- Pompeii was rediscovered in 1749 A.D.

The objects that lay beneath the city have been well preserved for centuries because of the lack of air and moisture. During the excavation, plaster was used to fill in the voids between the ash layers that once held human bodies. This allowed one to see the exact position the person was in when he or she died.

Plaster Mummies

Pompeii w/ Mt. Vesuvius in the background

• Giants Causeway (Ireland)

- 40,000 interlocking columns created by ancient volcanic activity. Most are hexagonal (six sides), however there are some that are four, five, seven and eight sides. The tallest is 39 feet.

• Peninsula- Iberian: Spain and Portugal

- Balkan Peninsula

1. Slovenia2. Croatia3. Bosnia & Herzegovina4. Serbia5. Montenegro6. Macedonia7. Albania8. Greece9. Bulgaria10. Turkey11. Romania

• Islands- Corsica (France)

Corsica

France

Spain

Germany

Italy

U.K.

English Channel

Bay of Biscay

- Corsica Birth place of Napoleon

Bonaparte

- Sardinia (Italy)- Sicily (Italy)

Sardinia

Sicily

Roman ruins on the Island of Sardinia

- Crete (Greece)

Crete

Port on the island of Crete

Crete is home to the Minoan civilization – Europe’s 1st (circa 2,700 BC to 1,500 BC)

Fresco portraying (possibly) three Minoan Queens

• Greek Mythology Minotaur – “part man, part bull”Dwelt in the Cretan labyrinth. Killed

by the Athenian hero Theseus.

Regions1. Scandinavia

•Iceland•Norway•Sweden•Finland•Denmark

2. Bohemia – it is a region and a lifestyle (culture)!

Prague, Czech Republic

- Bohemia is in the Czech Republic

Czech Republic

Miley Cyrus dressed like a:

Jack Kerouac – American Bohemian

- Prague, Czech Republic is at the heart of Bohemia

Carpathian Mts.

Looking east – sunrise or sunset?

3. Transylvania (Romania)

Transylvania (dark green) – Romania (light & dark green)

Nosferatu - 1922

- Transylvania is the home of Dracula (Vampire)

Bran Castle in Transylvania – home of Vlad the Impaler

Vlad enjoying a mass impaling

Flag of Transylvania

- Actually, Dracula (son of the dragon) is now known as Vlad III the Impaler

• Forest- Black (SW Germany)

Black Forest

- The Black Forest is home (setting) to the Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales – published in 1812

• United Kingdom (U.K.)- England- Scotland- Wales- Northern Ireland

Light green – European Union

This is a country made of four parts

Scotland

EnglandWales

Northern Ireland

• Great Britain – the big island: Scotland, England & Wales

St. George’s Cross - England

St. Andrew’s Cross - Scotland

St. Patrick’s Cross - Ireland

Wales

Sometimes people refer to it as the “British Flag”

- Flag of the U.K. – “Union Jack”

Known as the “Union Jack” because the flag was flown on the “jack staff” located on the bow of a ship.

• Major Cities

- London, England (U.K.) Big Ben

London Bridge over the Thames River

Parliament at sunset – what direction does the sun set?

Big Ben

- Buckingham Palace – residence of the British Monarchy

Westminster Abbey – London (place where Prince William & Kate were married)

Interior of Westminster Abbey

Tower of LondonFamous Prisoners:Guy Fawkes (treason)Anne Boleyn (treason and adultery)Rudolf Hess – (member of the Nazi Party)

• Paris, France

- Eiffel Tower

Arc de Triomphe - Paris (built during the reign of Napoleon)

The German Wehrmacht in Paris (1940)

The allies liberate Paris (1944)

The Louvre Museum - Paris

- Contained in the Louvre (a museum in Paris) is the painting called the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.

Cathedral of Notre Dame - Paris

Notre Dame gargoyle (purpose: drainage system)

Seine River

• Berlin, Germany

Brandenburg Gate

The Reichstag today

The Reichstag at the end of WWII (1945)

The famous Berlin nightlife

• Rome, Italy

Stadio Olimpico - Rome

Trevi Fountain - Rome

The Roman Forum

Near the Forum in Rome is the Theatre of Pompeii in which the Emperor, Julius Caesar, of the Roman Empire was assassinated on March 15th (The Ides of March) 44 B.C. He had 23 stab wounds.

• Moscow, Russia St. Basil’s Cathedral in Red Square

- Red Square

Street life outside the Kremlin – Moscow (St. Basil’s Cathedral)

- The Kremlin

Wedding Cake Building - Moscow

Offices for the Russian Air Force

Moscow Subway

Moscow Subway – nice frescoes and very clean!

KIP

• Languages- Romance (origin – Latin)

- Spanish- French- Italian- Portuguese

- Germanic- German- English

- Slavic- Russian

• Remember, Latin was the language of the Roman Empire.

• Religion- Christianity

- Catholic & Protestant

Pope Benedict XVI – he recently abdicated

Cathedral of Notre Dame – Paris France

• Why are there so many Christian Religions?

The Catholic Church was the first Christian religion .

- Split from the Catholic Church- Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) - Author of the Ninety-Five Thesis

Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Thesis to the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany – 1517. The main thing he objected to was the issue of indulgences.

Ninety-Five Thesis (Latin)

Martin Luther

The Castle Church

- The creation of the Church of England - King Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church.

Cathedral at Canterbury (England)

Henry wanted an annulment from Catherine because she had not produced a male heir (that lived) to the throne. Pope Clement VII refused the annulment so Henry broke off and created the Church of England. (Anglican or Episcopal Church) Catherine was exiled until her death (of natural cause) in 1536.

Anne Boleyn

Catherine of Aragon

Anne was crowned Queen of England in 1533 A.D. (She had 250 servants). Anne, however, did not produce a son either. She was executed (beheaded) on charges of adultery and treason on May 17, 1536. Her daughter was Queen Elizabeth I.

King Henry VIII wanted a male heir to the throne.

Henry had a total of six wivesSir Thomas More, an advisor to

Henry VIII, did not agree to the annulment and the split from the Catholic Church. As a result, he was beheaded in 1535.

1st Wife

2nd Wife

He did have a son – Edward I who became king but he died at the age of 16. He was the son of Jane Seymour (3rd wife)

The courtyard within the Tower of London where Anne Boleyn was beheaded.

- The Protestant Reformation (1517 – 1658 A.D.) – Many others split from the Catholic Church and formed other Christian churches after Luther.

That is why there are so many Christian religions.

Reformation Day

• Sports- Soccer (hearth – U.K.)

- #1 sport in the world

Barcelona v. Real Madrid

Real Madrid

Real Madrid drops the Copa del Rey trophy/cup under the bus.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezpFrLWOuDs&feature=fvst

The most recent World Cup winners were the European countries of Spain and Italy

What is the #2 sport in the world?

• Cricket – the hearth (origin) is England in the 16th century A.D. . . . why is it so popular?

• The British Empire – Cultural Diffusion!!!

- Tennis- Wimbledon (U.K.)

Bjorn Borg

James Blake - USA

Maria Sharapova - Russia

Rafael Nadal - Spain

- French Open (Paris)

- Golf- Hearth (origin) - Scotland (U.K.)

The Royal and Ancient Golf Course of St. Andrews – “Home of Golf”

- The British Open (golf)

Women’s British Open St. Andrews Clubhouse

Natalie Gulbis

Infamous Road Hole Bunker at St. Andrews

- Bike Racing- Le Tour de

France

American Greg LeMond won 3 Tour de France’s

The highly coveted Yellow Jersey

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pya6ZVW-oKg&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Crazy spectators during the race . . . and it can get violent too (but I am not condoning the violence).

- Olympic Games- Hearth – Ancient Greece - Most Olympic Games (summer & winter) have been staged

in Europe.

Shaun White – Torino, Italy ‘06

Courtney Kupets – Athens, Greece ‘04

100 meter - Justin Gatlin (gold) & Maurice Greene (bronze) – Athens, Greece ‘04

- Notable Olympic Games in Europe

- Berlin, Germany – 1936 (Nazi/Hitler Olympics)- African-American, Jesse Owens (USA), won four gold Medals

Jesse Owens - USA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRkeahelZHM

- 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, Russia (USSR)- Many countries (including the US) boycotted the games to protest the invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR.

The Mujahideen

U.S. President Jimmy Carter

The U.K. didn’t boycott – Coe won the gold, Straub the silver and Ovett the bronze

Ovett Cram

Coe

Men’s 1500 meters at the Moscow Games

Jurgen Straub

The defeated Soviet Army - 1989

• Major Festivals- San Fermin (Running of the Bulls)

- Pamplona, Spain

Running for his life!!!

Not good!!!

- La Tomatina - Bunol, Spain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdgVULWrPfE&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

- The Battle of the Oranges - Ivrea, Italy

• Dance- Waltz (Austria)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1o31fsZxCc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

- Flamenco (Spain))

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJZ4UA18HGw

- Ballet (Italy)

- Hopak (Ukraine) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEvDJ-4lehQ

- Scottish Highland/Sword Dance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZCT8H-Hpbc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

• Art1. Impressionism

- Claude Monet (France)

Impression, soleil levant (sunrise) – this is where the name comes from

Monet - Parliament

- Edgar Degas (France)

- Paul Gauguin (France)

- Pierre Renoir (France)

- Vincent van Gogh (Dutch)

Van Gogh – Sunflowerssold for 80 million

2. Cubism- Pablo Picasso (Spain)

Guernica

- Impressionist/Cubist- Paul Cezanne (France)

“The Card Players” sold for more than 250 million in 2011

• Music- Classical

1. Beethoven2. Bach

3. Mozart

2. Rock & Roll

d. Pink Floyd

c. The Rolling Stones

a.

b.

- Where are all these great bands from?

Pink Floyd – The Wall

- U.K. (England) - “The British Invasion” (1964-1966)

- What band was most influential?This is highly subjective!!!

- Liverpool, England (U.K.)

•The Beatles

Paul

George Ringo John

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZFxthKAVj0

KIP

• Evolution & History of Governments in Europe- Democracy:

- Ancient Greece (hearth) 7th century B.C.

direct democracy

The Athenian statesman, Solon (c. 638 – 558 BC), laid the foundation for democracy

- The Roman Republic - 509 to c. 27 B.C. (B.C.E.)

What is a republic?

- After the Roman Republic, most governments in Europe became/were Absolute Monarchies.

Charlemagne (King of the Franks & Emperor of the Romans) – c. 742- 814 C.E.

- Constitutional Monarchy in England- The English Bill of Rights (1689 A.D.)

- The English Bill of Rights limited the power of the King of England and gave the people basic rights.- Also, The Magna Carta, which limited the power of the King of England, was signed centuries before during the reign of King John – 1166 – 1216 C.E.

- The French Revolution (1789 A.D./C.E.) overthrew (abolished) the Monarchy of France.

King Louis XVI of France

King Louis XVI of France

Marie Antoinette

Palace of VersaillesQueens bedchamber

Hall of Mirrors

The death of Louis XVI by guillotine in January, 1793 C.E.

Marie Antoinette stepped on the foot of her executioner and apologized before she died.

• The French Republic (1792 A.D./C.E.)

- Napoleon Bonaparte (France)- Conquered much of Europe (Between 1804 – 1815 A.D./C.E.)

Josephine – 1st wife of Napoleon Bonaparte (she did not bear him any children – divorced in 1810)

He was a brilliant military commander whose height is disputed and he had a phobia concerning cats.

- The Napoleonic Code (1804 C.E.) - Why is it important?

- It gave basic rights to the French people & influenced many governments throughout the world.

The Code was adopted in many countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and influenced many other governments throughout the world outside of Europe.

- Napoleon’s forces were defeated by the British at the Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) in 1815.

St. Helena

Napoleon was exiled and died on the island of St. Helena (British colony) in the Atlantic Ocean.

Napoleon in exile

Napoleon’s last words were: “France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Josephine.” Paris, France

http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon

- General peace in Europe (1815 to 1914 C.E.) - German statesman Otto von Bismarck

Otto von BismarckPrime Minister over PrussiaUnified Germany and became ChancellorRegulated European PoliticsForce of Stability

- WWI (1914 – 1918 C.E.) 17 million deaths

The war started when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungarian Empire - heir) was assassinated in Sarajevo by the Bosnian-Serb Anarchist, Gavrillo Princip, in 1914.

British soldiers moving into “no man’s land” during WWI

Central Powers:GermanyAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireAllies:RussiaFranceU.K.USAItaly

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ciq9ts02ci4

Blindness caused by mustard gas.

The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial

tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had

to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning

- Adolf Hitler was an obscure corporal in the German Army during WWI (1914 – 1918 A.D.)

- Germany LostEmperor Kaiser Wilhelm II went into exile to the Netherlands

• The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI.- Germany was coerced to pay for the war.

Hall of Mirrors – Palace of Versailles, France. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 6/28/19.

Germany had to pay 20 billion gold marks. That is 200,000,000 pounds of gold.1918 - $19.00 per ounce of gold

Danzig

Saar Basin

Germany:•Lost territory•Lost colonies•Reparation payments•Restrictions on size of military

Alsace & Lorraine

Schleswig

East Prussia

As a direct result of war, the German, Austro-Hungarian,

Russian, and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist.

• As a result, what did the Germans do?

Cause & Effect

• The Germans printed lots of paper money. - What was the result?

Of course, that will solve all of your problems, right?

• It caused hyperinflation

What was the result?

This was in the 1920’s when the Weimar Republic was in power in Germany.

How bad did it get?

a general increase in prices and fall

in the purchasing value of money

Really bad!!!

Using paper $ for fuel

Example: In 1914, right before the outbreak of WWI, a loaf of bread in Germany cost 13 cents (in U.S. currency).

How much do you think it cost for a loaf of bread in Germany in late 1923?

In Germany, by late 1923, that same loaf of bread cost $100 billion marks.

- Adolf Hitler - Fuhrer (leader) of NAZI Germany from 1933 –1945 - Brought fascism to much of Europe .

Adolf Hitler and Germany hated the Treaty of Versailles.Lil’ Hitler – born in Austria on April 20, 1889

Fascism:a governmental system led by a dictator having complete

power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc.,

and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

- Hitler was an art school reject (Vienna, Austria). If only he were accepted, he would only have been an obscure painter.

- Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933.

very narcissistic

President Paul von Hindenburg, reluctantly, appointed him chancellor of Germany after two elections which Hitler lost.

The Weimar Republic appeared to have no idea how to solve the problems of the Depression. The Nazis on the other hand promised to solve the problems. Hitler promised most groups in Germany what they wanted. He used the Jews an other sections of society as scapegoats, blaming all the problems on them. To Germans at the time Hitler made sense, he united everyone by providing explanations to Germany’s problems.He also used PROPAGANDA to unite people-appeal to emotions.

PropagandaDr. Joseph Goebbels

- Fascism/Hitler caused WWII (1939) - 50 to 70 mil. killed

Stalingrad (1942 – 1943) Remember: there was much animosity toward the Treaty of Versailles in Germany.

Italy was, actually, fascist before Germany.

Benito Mussolini (Italy) was an ally with Germany during WWII

The Germans conquered and occupied much of Europe - including France.

German soldier, wielding a “potato masher”, on the Eastern Front

an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory

• Hero - Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965)- Led the U.K. against Germany during WWII

Allied Powers: US, UK, France, USSR

Axis: Japan, Italy, Germany

Battle of Britain (1940) St. Paul’s Cathedral - London

- Fascism/Hitler caused the Holocaust (genocide)

- Six million ethnic Jews were murdered.

Holocaust:the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period 1941–45. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps such as Auschwitz.

Auschwitz

Jewish woman and child executed by the German Einsatzgruppen on the Eastern Front (1941).

Walking to the gas chamber

Warsaw Ghetto Revolt - 1943

Warsaw, Poland 1943

Hungarian Jews at a NAZI German concentration camp.

Remember: be grateful (appreciate) for what you have and have empathy for those that are less fortunate.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwfIf1WMhgc

• German heroes who fought against Hitler. - Not all Germans were bad during the war – stereotype.

- Sophie Scholl (b. 1921)- Member of the White Rose anti-

Nazi group.

heroine

Caught by the Gestapo – Nazi Secret Police

Interrogation

Sophie and Hans Scholl on their way to distribute anti-Nazi pamphlets at Munich University (1945)

covert / clandestine

Could you do something like this?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XM5A4ETW_Io

Defending herself before the much feared Nazi Judge Roland Freisler.

- Executed – February 23, 1943 (beheaded)

111

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHtCaVtryiE

- Klaus von Stauffenberg - Assassination attempt of Hitler (1944)

- The end of Hitler and fascism in Europe – D-Day – June 6, 1944- Invasion (Operation Overlord) of Normandy, France by the Allies. It was the beginning of the end for Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. D-Day means

absolutely nothing . . . It is just a military code name.

English Channel

D-Day (Operation Overlord)

- One of the largest amphibious assaults ever

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAOCcsMlK7Y

American Cemetery – Normandy, France

German POW’s – taken by Canadian Soldiers @ Juno Beach

The Longest Day

The Longest Day

Saving Private Ryan

•The liberation of Paris (1944)

A French Collaborator

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd-MGY2Fyt8

Auschwitz

•Liberation of the concentration camps (1945 C.E.)

Dachau

Auschwitz

Auschwitz

The mighty German Wehrmacht (armed forces) surrenders.

- Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 Berlin, Germany

(1945)

German P.O.W. after Stalingrad

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug. 5 and 9, 1945)

•August 15, 1945--V-J Day

• The Cold War (1947 – 1991)- USA vs. the Soviet Union

- A “war” about ideology - Capitalism vs. Communism - Freedom & democracy (gov’t by the

people) vs. oppression, coercion &

dictatorship

- “Peace that is no peace” - George Orwell

Capitalism: Based on private ownership, encourages competition &

leads to class system

Communism: Total Gov’t ownership of property, gov’t controls economy and all are considered equal & share the

rewards of labor

- Background – Russia had a monarchy (Tsar/king)Rasputin – a “holy” man charged by Alexandra to treat her sickly son Alexis

Anastasia

The heir to the throne - Alexis

Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra

Romanov Family

The Winter Palace – St. Petersburg Russia (Home of the Romanov Family)

Most Russians lived in poverty.

- Unrest in Russia (1917 C.E.)

- Vladimir Lenin - Leader of the Bolshevik (communist)

Revolution and Soviet Union in 1917.1st communist state-USSR

(took advantage of civil unrest against the Tsar)

For a decade, Lenin lived in exile in Western Europe

The proletariat vs. the bourgeoisie

What happened to the Tsar?

Stalin Lenin Trotsky

Storming of the Winter Palace

The Execution

Living in captivity/exile

Church on Blood

The execution was ordered by Lenin and carried out in Yekaterinburg, Russia on July 17, 1918

- Tsar Nicolas II and Family were executed (1918 C.E.)

Lenin’s body – there was a power struggle in the USSR after his death in 1924. Trotsky v Stalin

- The death of Lenin (1924 C.E.) Social Revolutionary

Fanny Kaplan – failed assassination attempt in 1918. She shot him twice, once in his neck and one in his left shoulder.

Lenin died of a stroke, possibly because of the previous gunshot wounds as a result of the failed assassination attempt.

- Who was the next leader?

- Joseph Stalin (1878 – 1953) -2nd leader of the Soviet

Union(USSR)

-Brutal dictator

Ekaterina Svanidze (1st wife) Died in 1907 of Tuberculosis and (possibly) in Stalin’s arms at the age of 22. Beside his mother, Ekaterina was the only woman he had loved. At her funeral, Stalin reputedly said, “This creature softened my heart of stone. She’s died and with her have died my last warm feelings for humanity.” Their only son, Jacob, is believed to have died in a German prisoner of war camp during WWII.

Stalin studied to become a priest

Trotsky

A very young Stalin

Stalin’s second wife , Nadya, were married in 1919 and the mother of his children Vassily and Svetlana. She killed herself on Nov. 8th, 1932.

U.S. President Harry Truman called him “a little squirt.” He was only 5’4”.

c. 1925

- Stalin is infamous for:

Where’s Trotsky?

Old School Soviet Photoshop

Lenin Trotsky

Stalin “eliminated” of political opponents in the late 1930’s.Molotov

1. The Great Purge (1930s)

What eventually happened to Trotsky?

The Soviet commissar Nikolai Yezhov

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/red-scare/videos/castro-urges-nuclear-attack-on-america

Trotsky was exiled from the Soviet Union and ended up in Mexico. While there, he hung out with the painters Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. He was hunted down and assassinated with an ice axe in 1940 by the Soviet Secret Police in Mexico City, Mexico.

Rivera Trotsky

c. 1920

Khalo

Trotsky

Painting by Frida Khalo

Painting by Frida Khalo dedicated to Trotsky

Stalin, also, ordered the execution of much of his first wife’s (Ekaterina) family in the Great Purge including her brother Alexander and her sister Mariko.

Ukrainian girl made an orphan due to the famine.

The Ukrainian farmers were forced to give all of their harvest (food) to the state (USSR).

Ukrainian Holodomor

2. Ukrainian Famine (1932-33) Extreme shortage of food)

The Soviet police confiscated the Ukrainian farmers of their homes, livestock, wheat crops, and valuable possessions. They imposed heavy grain taxes, deliberately leaving families to starve. Those who resisted giving up their homes and crops, were violently shot to death or deported to regions in Siberia. Some families and individuals chose to burn their homes to the ground and kill their livestock, instead of handing it over to Soviet authorities. Families, who tried to hide grain resources, in order to sustain a source of food, were killed. This campaign of terror was organized to instill fear within the people, and force them to relinquish all that they had. The ultimate goal was to have these people embrace Soviet-ism and abandon all nationalistic pride

Ukraine – 1930s . . . Some consider this an act of genocide (it was man-made). It is known as the Terror- Famine, Famine-Genocide or the Holodomor – extermination by hunger. About 3 to 10 million famine deaths.

Stalin killed between 20 and 60 million of his own people through starvation (Ukraine man-made famine 1932 – 1933) and forced labor camps known as

Gulags.

A memorial to all those who died during the famine and in the Gulags.

USSR Gulags

3. Gulag Prison System (1930s – 50s) - Soviet forced labor camps

Solzhenitsyn

The Big Three (Allies) @ Yalta

Churchill – U.K.

Roosevelt – U.S.A.

Stalin – U.S.S.R.

End of WWII - Even though we knew that Stalin was a bad guy, the U.S. and the U.K. were allies with the USSR during WWII.

- Boundary between east and west “Iron Curtain” (Winston Churchill)

The Kremlin - Moscow, Russia (USSR)

a notional barrier that prevents the passage of information or ideas between political entities, in particular

Eastern Bloc

The Iron Curtain

NATO

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X97FoEOD4Tc&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

We did not know that much about them.

- Soviet/Eastern European stereotypes by Americans & The West: - backwards, plain, rural, etc.

- Soviet stereotypes by Americans

Life Magazine - 1952

Were these stereotypes true?

- No, of course not! Miss Russia

Maria Sharapova

Cold War Movies

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRTzUHmx9ZA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbqMuvnx5MU

Soviet Nuclear Submarine

Cold War – intimidation and fear

- ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)

Khrushchev - USSR JFK - USA

“We will bury you!” - Nikita Khrushchev

- Nuclear Bomb Testing

Nevada Desert – mushroom cloud/radiation from nuclear fallout

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seyiah3CS7w&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4wk6jSNZU8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw76mXikzgA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Bikini Islands – Pacific Ocean

Bikini Islands – Pacific Ocean

Nevada - 1969

Fidel Castro of Cuba

• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)- Closest we came to nuclear war!!!

Each side was trying to provoke the other.

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/red-scare/videos/castro-urges-nuclear-attack-on-america

JohnBobby

- Arms Race (nuclear weapons)

# of nuclear weapons

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9K8u_iI68Z8

- Nuclear Weapons Reduction Treaties

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (S.A.L.T.)

• The Berlin Wall - Built in 1961 by the East German Communists - Symbol of the Cold War

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwQsTzGkbiY

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall

The splitting of Germany after WWII

Flag of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

The GDR was, ultimately, controlled by the USSR (Soviet Union)

- - Purpose: prevent

massive migration and defection to the west.

- smaller labor force - “Brain drain”the

emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country

Before the wall was built, between 1947 and 1961, about 3.5 million East Germans defected to the west.

- Berlin, Germany was divided

1961

The infamous “Death Strip” a.k.a. “No man’s land” East German border guards and police had shoot-to-kill orders.

Freedom & democracy

oppression, coercion & communism

Talking to someone on the east side of the wall

The moment of defection to the west by Conrad Schumann (East German border guard) in 1961. He was the first guard to escape.

Escape!!!

After the wall was built, about 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin. The number of people that died trying to cross is disputed, however, the Center for Contemporary Historical Research in Germany has confirmed 136 deaths.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMV7phB_4nA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExOYvW5vCj4

Hiding in a suitcase

In the early days it was much easier to get across.

- The death of Peter Fechter - 1962

The East Germans guards finally pick him up.

East or west side of the wall?

- Famous speeches at the Berlin Wall- John F. Kennedy (1963) - “Ich bin ein Berliner”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Pjn5E6yOKohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Pjn5E6yOKo

- Ronald Reagan (1987)- “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-PSq2dy754

- The Berlin Wall fell in November of 1989 C.E.

West German protesters at the wall in early November, 1989 . . . The Soviet government backed down and let the people, after 28 years, pass through.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5N-TFsqMui4&feature=fvsr&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmRPP2WXX0U&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Pulling down the barbed wire.

• Types of Government (modern)- Constitutional Monarchy

Royal Palace – Madrid, Spain

- United Kingdom (Queen Elizabeth II)

Prince Charles and his 2nd wife Camilla

Princess Diana died in a car crash in Aug. 1997 in Paris, France

Diana’s son William & his new wife Kate

Luxembourg

Netherlands

- Monaco

Grace Kelly – American Actress

• Many countries in Europe are Republics – representative democracy

parliamentary or presidential democracy / republic

• Economy - Capitalism

EU member nations

With a good healthy dose of social programs/government intervention – Mixed Economy.

• Currency- Euro

*Not all countries in Europe use the Euro.

Europe is very wealthy!!!

These countries use the Euro as their currency.

- Despite the wealth, however, Portugal is the poorest in the west and Moldova is the poorest in the east.

Moldova – European country with the highest level of poverty. Remember: appreciate what you have and have empathy toward others.

• Exports- Cars - Germany - Volkswagon

Can you name any other German car companies?

- Italy- Ferrari

Can you name any other Italian car companies?

Originally, Bugatti was a French company started by an Italian dude.

- France - Peugeot

- Sweden- Saab

- United Kingdom- Jaguar

Can you name any other car companies from the U.K.?

The famous Rolls Royce hood ornament.

Kate rode to the big wedding in a Rolls Royce.

Queen Elizabeth II rode to the wedding in a Bentley.

William & Kate left the wedding in an Aston Martin.

• Major Import- Oil

Why?

Top oil producers

• Natural Resource (non-renewable)- Coal

• Natural Resources (renewable)- Wind Energy

U.K.

Turbine Blades – U.K.

Spanish wind farm

Swedish wind farm

- Solar Energy

Germany

• Notable Structures- The Parthenon (Athens, Greece)

- Built 447 B.C.

- Coliseum (80 A.D.)

- Rome, Italy

- Tower of Pisa (Italy)- Completed 1372 A.D.

• Bell Tower – 183 ft.• Top is displaced 12 ft. 10 in.• It has been stabilized and has stopped moving for the first time in history. • Declared stable for at least 200 years. • It is open to the public.

Lead counterweights at the base

- Neuschwanstein Castle (Germany)

- Built by King Ludwig of Bavaria- Inspiration for Disney’s Sleeping Beauty

- Stonehenge – SW England (U.K.)- c. 2500 B.C.

- Summer and Winter Solstice alignment

Winter Solstice

• Unique City- Venice,

Italy- Why?

- Canals instead of roadsGrand Canal, Venice, ItalyThere are a

few roads, however, there are mostly canals.

• Largest Country in the world (area)- Russia

Arctic Ocean

• Largest City (Metro.)- Moscow, Russia – 15 million

• Smallest Country in the world- Vatican City - Rome, Italy (0.2 sq. miles)

- Home of the Pope (Catholic)Solar panels with St. Peters Basilica in the background

- Sistine Chapel ceiling – fresco painting by Michelangelo

KIP

Adam and God

distribution or density?