Education at a Glance 2012 - Key findings

EDU FORUM 14 September 2012

Etienne Albiser et Corinne Heckmann

Education at a Glance

2012

Key findings

Unabated educational expansion

2012Education at a Glance

The talent pool is growing…Percentage of the 25-34 year-old and 55-64 year-old population that has attained tertiary-type A

education

1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

25-34 year-olds 55-64 year-olds %

Chart A1.1


And its distribution across countries is changing

Proportion of populations with tertiary education and potential growth (2010)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Proportion of the 25-64 year-old population with tertiary education

Diff

ere

nce

be

twe

en

the

25

-34

an

d 2

5-6

4 y

ea

r-o

ld

po

pu

latio

ns

with

tert

iary

ed

uca

tion

Incr

easi

ng a

dvan

tage

Higher attainmentLower attainment; getting further behind

Lower attainment; catching up

High attainment; increasing advantage

High attainment; decreasing advantage

AUS

AUT

BEL

BRA

CAN

CHE

CHL

CZE

DEU

DNK

ESP

EST

FIN

FRA

GRCHUN

IRL

ISL

ISR

ITA

JPN

KOR

LUX

MEX

NLD NOR

NZL

POL

PRT

RUS

SVKSVN

SWE

TUR

UKM

USA

OECD

Chart A1.3


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Italy

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ited

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...

Est

on

ia

0

20

40

60

80Downward mobility Upward mobility

A significant proportion of student have a higher level of education than their parents

Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than their parents’ (upward mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo), by parents' educational level (low, medium, high)

Chart A6.5

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

High Medium Low

Status quo: same level of education than their parents


Where do individuals from low educational backgrounds succeed?

Educational achievement among 25-34 year-old non-students with parents who have low educational attainment (2009)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Czech Republic

Poland

Finland

Sweden

Slovenia

Canada

Denmark

Hungary

Ireland

Netherlands

Austria

France

OECD average

Belgium

Switzerland

Luxembourg

United KingdomNew Zealand

Norway

Germany

Greece

Iceland

Italy

United States

Spain

Portugal

Turkey

Australia

Pro

po

rtion

of n

on

-stud

en

ts from

low

ed

uca

tion

al b

ack-

gro

un

ds w

ith te

rtiary a

ttain

me

nt

Proportion of non-students from low educational backgrounds who have not attained an upper secondary education (%)

OECD average

OEC

D a

v-er

age

Chart A6.4


Tertiary student become more mobileNumber of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to

2010)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0

500 000

1 000 000

1 500 000

2 000 000

2 500 000

3 000 000

3 500 000

4 000 000

4 500 000

Worldwide

In OECD

In EU countries

In G20 countries

In North America

Chart C4.1

Number of foreign students


… and impact on international education market shares of countries Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination

Un

ited

Sta

tes

Un

ited

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0 a

nd

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0

5

10

15

20

25

2010

2000

Chart C4.3

Market share (%)

“Other G20 and non-OECD countries” refers to the portion of total foreign students studying in other G20 and non-OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the total in non-OECD destinations, as estimated from UNESCO data.


Education begins well before the age of 5Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education among 4-year-olds (2005 and 2010)

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2010 2005%

Chart C2.1

The labour-market continues to signal strong demand for

tertiary graduates...

- There is a positive relationship between education and employment: Individuals without an upper secondary qualification saw a marked drop in the employment rate - The earnings advantage of tertiary graduates is high and has grown further over recent years.


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tertiary educationUpper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiaryBelow upper secondary

Chart A7.1

%

Employment prospects increase with the level of education

Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2010)


Tertiary education brings substantial earning premiums

Relative earnings from employment by level of educational attainment for 25-to-64 year-olds in 2010 (upper secondary education = 100)

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40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

Below upper secondary educationTertiary education

Chart A8.1

Index


More than half of the GDP growth in OECD countries is related to

income growth among tertiary-educated individualsGDP growth and labour income growth by educational categories (2000-10)

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-1%

0%

1%

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5%GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2

Chart A10.1

The crisis hit the least educated hardest

- Lack of relevant skills/experience brings higher unemployment risk for recent entrants to the labour force


Unemployment rates increased the most for the least qualified

Change between 2008 and 2010 in unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds, by level of education (2008, 2009, 2010)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2009 2008 2010Over 35% each year for the Slovak Republic

BR

A

NO

R

NL

D

KO

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AU

T

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FR

A

FIN

CA

N

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HU

N

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A

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Chart A7.2

Tertiary education (%)

Below upper secondary education (%)


15-19 year-olds not in education (employed, unemployed or not in the labour force)

Distribution of 15-19 year-olds by education and work status (2010, 2008)

SV

N

PO

L

HU

N

SV

K

CZ

E

ES

T

DE

U

LU

X

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FIN

KO

R

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SW

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FR

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AU

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A

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PR

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BR

A

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2010

2008

% 15-19 year-olds not in education

0

20

40

60

80

100

Inactive

Unemployed

Employed

Employed (2008)

T C5.2a

% 15-19 year-olds not in education, by work status

RESOURCE CHALLENGES

- To achieve higher levels of educational attainment, countries have made a significant effort to increase investment in education


Investment in education increased significantly…

Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP,(2000, 2009)

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2009 2000 1995% of GDP

Chart B2.1

% of GDP


The share of GDP devoted to education continues to grow between 2008 and 2009

Index of change in expenditure on educational institutions and GDP (2008, 2009)

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el80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

Change in expenditure Change in gross domestic productChange in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP

Chart B2 Box 1

Index of change (2008=100)


Tertiary education


Un

ited

Kin

gd

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Ko

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Est

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Sp

ain

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Un

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Sta

tes

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el

Sw

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d

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

Change in expenditureChange in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)Change in expenditure per student

Chart B1.6

Index of change (2000 = 100)

At tertiary level, expenditure did not keep up with expanding enrolments in some countries

Index of change in student numbers and expenditure between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices)


This chart does not take into account

grants, subsidies or loans that partially or

fully offset the students’ tuition fees

Average annual tuition fees

Tuition fees charged by public institutions of university-level education for full-time national students (academic year 2008-09)

Tertiary-type A public institutions

Portugal (89%, 10 481), Italy (49%, 9 562),Spain (52%, 14 191),

Czech Republic (60%, 8 615), Denmark (65%, 18 556), Finland (68%, 16 569), Ireland (56%, 16 420), Iceland (93%, 9 939), Mexico (33%, 8 020), Norway (76%, 19 269), Sweden

(76%, 21 144)

Canada (m, 25 341)

New Zealand (80%, 11 185)

Japan (51%, 17 511), Australia (96%, 17 460),

Netherlands (65%, 17 854)

United Kingdom1 (63%, 16 338)

Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)France (m, 15 494)

0

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

USD

Chart B5.2

1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.

United States (70%, 29 910)00

Korea (71%, 10 499)

Austria (63%, 14 258), Switzerland (44%, 23 111)

United States (74%, 29 201)6000

Edu

catio

n at

a G

lanc

e 20

12


Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education


Bra

zil

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vak

Re

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Est

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Ko

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d

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ch R

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Po

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Un

ited

Kin

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Isra

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Fra

nce

Italy

6080

100120140160180200220240

Change in expenditureChange in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)Change in expenditure per student

Chart B1.6

Index of change (2000 = 100)

Increase in the share of GDP devoted to education translates into large increase in expenditure per

student between 2000 and 2009Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education

Index of changes in student numbers and expenditure between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices)


…partly as a result of increased teachers’ salaries

Lower secondary teachers’ statutory salaries after 15 years of experience/minimum training, index of change between 2000 and 2010 (2000 = 100, constant prices

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Fl.)

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Fr.

)

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8090

100110120130140150160170180190200210220

2010 2005

Chart D3.3

Index of change 2000=100


But other factors have an impact on expenditure

Contribution (in USD) of various factors to this change at the lower secondary level (2000, 2010)A

ust

ria

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Fin

lan

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-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Contribution of teachers' salaryContribution of instruction timeContribution of teaching timeContribution of estimated class sizeChange in salary cost between 2000 and 2010

Chart B7.5

In equivalent USD using PPPs


ItalyAustria

GermanyEstonia

Czech RepublicNetherlands

NorwayFinland

SwedenIceland

New ZealandJapanSpain

OECD averageHungarySlovenia

SwitzerlandIsrael

FranceSlovak Republic

BelgiumIreland

United StatesKoreaChile

PortugalCanada

LuxembourgUnited Kingdom

PolandBrazil

Indonesia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Aged less than 30 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50 or older

Chart D5.1

Age distribution of teachers may raise question of the need to train new teachers

Age distribution in secondary education (2010)

%

Education at a Glance 2012


What is new in EAG 2012 ?

Chapter A What is the difference between the career aspirations of boys and girls and the fields

of study they pursue as young adults? (A4) How well do immigrant students perform in school? (A5) To what extent does parents’ education influence access to tertiary education? (A6) How does education influence economic growth, labour costs and earning power

(A10)

Chapter B Changes in the salary cost of teachers per student between 2000 and 2010 (B7)

Chapter C How do early childhood education systems differ around the world? (C2)

Chapter D Who are the teachers? (D5) Who makes key decisions in education systems? (D6) What are the pathways and gateways to gain access to secondary and tertiary

education? (D7)


How to use EAG 2012 ?

As a printed bookAvailable in English, French, but also translated into Spanish, German, Japanese, Chinese

As an electronic source of informationPdf version of the bookExcel files for all tables and chartsOECD.stat database with most of the raw dataCountry notes for 17 countriesHighlights of EAG 2012

Further disseminationEducation in Focus Series: monthly…

www.oecd.org/edu/eag2012


Thank you !

www.oecd.org/edu/eag2012