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In the current economic environment: Continued strong demand for education Poor labour markets and low opportunity costs for education Substantial public and private gains from education Earnings premium for tertiary education remains large and continues to grow: Public long-term gains from higher education are almost three times the size of the investments High-level skills key to competitiveness Comparative cost advantage across OECD countries varies with educational levels Labour-market entry becomes more difficult Particularly for young lower educated individuals Education a good insurance against unemployment and to stay employed especially in weak labour markets: Educational attainment likely to rise further Continuing education increasingly important.
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11 1
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Key findings from the 2011 edition of
Education at a Glance
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
6 September 2011
Embargo until13 September
11:00 Paris
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Education in times of economic uncertainty In the current economic environment…
…Continued strong demand for education – Poor labour markets and low opportunity costs for education
… Substantial public and private gains from education– Earnings premium for tertiary education remains large and
continues to grow- Public long-term gains from higher education are almost
three times the size of the investments
…High-level skills key to competitiveness… Comparative cost advantage across OECD countries
varies with educational levels
…Labour-market entry becomes more difficult– Particularly for young lower educated individuals
…Education a good insurance against unemployment and to stay employed especially in weak labour markets
Educational attainment likely to rise further Continuing education increasingly important.
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The crisis hit the least educated hardest
The unemployment rate for 15-29 year-olds increased,
on average, from 10.2% to 13.5%Lack of relevant skills/experience brings higher
unemployment risk for recent entrants to the labour force
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When the crisis hitPercentage-point change between 2008-09 in unemployment rate for 15-29
year-olds
Norway
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Korea
Australia
Denmark
Slovenia
Japan
Belgium
France
Poland
Germany
Finland
Portugal
Greece
Slovak Republic
Turkey
Spain
- 10 20 30 40 C3.1
Norway
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Korea
Australia
Denmark
Slovenia
Japan
Belgium
France
Poland
Germany
Finland
Portugal
Greece
Slovak Republic
Turkey
Spain
- 10 20 30 40
Tertiary education (%) Below upper secondary
education (%)
2008 2009
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Proportion of 15-29 year-olds unemployed (2009)
-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 150
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Norway
Iceland
Denmark
Ireland
Finland
Austria
Czech Republic
Estonia
Mexico
Canada
France
Israel
Belgium
Australia
Germany Italy
Poland
Sweden
Slovenia
Greece
Switzerland
Netherlands
OECD average
New Zealand
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
Turkey
Spain
%%%In
ed
ucati
on
Not in education
OECD average
OECD average
Table C4.2a
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Proportion of 15-29 year-olds unemployed,by duration of unemployment (2009)
C3.1
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Czech Republic
Mexico
France
Belgium
Germany
OECD average
Slovenia
Switzerland
Poland
Portugal
United States
Spain
0 5 10 15
Unemployed less than 6 monthsUnemployed more than 6 months
%Norway
Denmark
Finland
Czech Republic
Mexico
France
Belgium
Germany
OECD average
Slovenia
Switzerland
Poland
Portugal
United States
Spain
0 5 10 15
Unemployed less than 6 monthsUnemployed more than 6 months
Chart C4.4
%
In education Not in education
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Unabated educational expansion
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
1995
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
ertia
ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Graduate supply
Cost
per
stu
den
tUnited States
Finland
Japan
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2000
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
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at t
ertia
ry le
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2001
Expe
ndit
ure
per
stud
ent
at t
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ry le
vel (
USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2002
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2003
Expe
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ure
per
stud
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at t
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2004
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
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Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2005
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
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USD
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Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2006
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
ertia
ry le
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2007
Expe
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per
stud
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at t
ertia
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USD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
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AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700.0
5,000.0
10,000.0
15,000.0
20,000.0
25,000.0
30,000.0
2008 Ex
pend
itur
e pe
r st
uden
t at
ter
tiary
leve
l (U
SD)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Finland
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The composition of the global talent pool has changed…
Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups, percentage (2009)
55-64-year-old population 25-34-year-old population
About 39 million people who attained tertiary level
About 81 million people who attained tertiary level
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The composition of the global talent pool has changed…
Countries’ share in the population with tertiary education, for 25-34 and 55-64 year-old age groups, percentage (2009)
United States, 31.7
Japan, 11.0
China, 6.1Germany, 5.6
United Kingdom, 4.7
Canada, 3.7
France, 3.1
Brazil, 3.1
Spain, 1.9Italy, 1.7
Mexico, 1.6
Australia, 1.5
Korea, 1.4other, 11.4
55-64-year-old population
United States, 17.9
Japan, 9.5
China, 16.0
Germany, 2.7United Kingdom, 3.9
Canada, 2.7France, 3.5
Brazil, 3.9
Spain, 3.1
Italy, 1.7
Mexico, 3.4
Australia, 1.4
Korea, 5.0
other, 12.6
25-34-year-old population
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…and will continue to changeShare of new entrants into tertiary education in 2009 (all OECD and G20
countries)
China, 36.6%
United States, 12.9%
Russian Federa-tion, 10.0%
Indonesia, 4.9%Japan, 4.2%Turkey, 3.7%
United Kingdom, 3.3%
Mexico, 3.1%Korea, 3.1%
Argentina, 2.7%Germany, 2.5%
Poland, 2.1%
Spain, 1.6%Italy, 1.4%
Australia, 1.3%Chile, 1.3%
Netherlands, 0.5%
Other countries, 4.8%
OtherPortugal 0.5%Czech Republic 0.4%Israel 0.4%Sweden 0.4%Belgium 0.4%Hungary 0.4%Austria 0.4%New Zealand 0.3%Switzerland 0.3%Slovak Republic 0.3%Denmark 0.2%Norway 0.2%Ireland 0.2%Finland 0.2%Slovenia 0.1%Estonia 0.1%Iceland 0.0%
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…as also visible in the current output of schools
Share of upper secondary graduates in 2009(all OECD and G20 countries)
China, 42.6%
United States, 9.9%
Brazil, 7.3%
Indonesia, 6.1%
Russian Federation, 5.2%Japan, 3.4%
Mexico, 2.8%
France, 2.8%
Germany, 2.5%
United Kingdom,
2.2%
Korea, 1.7%
Turkey, 1.6%
Italy, 1.5%
Poland, 1.4%
Canada, 1.1%
Spain, 1.0%
Australia, 1.0%
Argentina, 0.9%
Nether-lands, 0.7%
Chile, 0.6%
Other countries,
3.8%
OtherBelgium 0.4%Portugal 0.4%Czech Republic 0.3%Hungary 0.3%Israel 0.3%Sweden 0.3%Austria 0.3%Switzerland 0.2%Slovak Republic 0.2%Finland 0.2%Norway 0.2%New Zealand 0.2%Denmark 0.2%Ireland 0.2%Slovenia 0.1%Estonia 0.0%Iceland 0.0%Luxembourg 0.0%
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The increase in the number of knowledge workers has not led to a decrease in their pay
…which is what happened to low-skilled workers
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DenmarkSwedenTurkey
New ZealandNorway
SpainAustralia
NetherlandsBelgiumFinland
JapanFrance
GermanyAustria
OECD AverageCanada
United KingdomPoland
SloveniaHungary
Czech RepublicIreland
KoreaItaly
United StatesPortugal
-400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000
55,946 62,481
64,177 74,457
92,320 95,320
100,520 112,928
115,464 135,515 143,018
144,133 147,769
173,522 175,067
175,670 207,653
215,125 225,663 230,098
240,449 253,947
300,868 311,966
323,808 373,851
Foregone earnings Income tax effect Social contribution effectTransfers effect Grosss earnings benefits Unemployment effectNet Present value
USD equivalentC hart A9.3
Components of the private net present value for a man with higher education (2007 or latest available
year)
Net present value in USD equ.
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OECD countries TertiaryBelow upper secondary
Australia 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8
Austria* 2.8 2.8 -6.0 -6.0
Belgium* 3.7 3.7 -0.6 -0.6
Canada* 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2
Czech Republic 9.1 9.1 2.9 2.9
Denmark 3.2 3.2 -4.9 -4.9
Finland* -6.2 -6.2 -2.5 -2.5
France -3.6 -3.6 1.4 1.4
Germany 21.6 21.6 7.3 7.3
Hungary 11.1 11.1 1.4 1.4
Ireland* 10.9 10.9 -5.4 -5.4
Israel* 2.7 2.7 1.1 1.1
Italy* 11.7 11.7 1.0 1.0
Korea* -9.7 -9.7 2.2 2.2
Luxembourg* 16.8 16.8 -12.6 -12.6
Netherlands* 10.8 10.8 -2.4 -2.4
New Zealand -2.1 -2.1 -2.2 -2.2
Norway* -5.5 -5.5 -5.6 -5.6
Poland* 6.1 6.1 0.7 0.7
Portugal -8.7 -8.7 5.8 5.8
Slovenia* -7.4 -7.4 -0.3 -0.3
Spain* 12.5 12.5 0.9 0.9
Sweden -5.2 -5.2 -6.0 -6.0
Switzerland 1.2 1.2 -1.0 -1.0
United Kingdom -3.2 -3.2 1.0 1.0
United States 13.0 13.0 -0.5 -0.5
* Limited years; Other notes: Yellow within +/- 3%; Red > -3%; Green > +3%TA8.2a
Percentage-point change in relative earnings 25-64 year-olds (1998-2008 or latest available years)
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Net income in USD for 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education (2009 or latest year
available)
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Au
stri
aIr
ela
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
sA
ust
ralia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mC
an
ad
aK
ore
aN
orw
ay
Ge
rma
ny
Ita
lyS
we
de
nO
EC
D A
ve
rag
eC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dD
en
ma
rkFin
lan
dIc
ela
nd
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
mS
pa
inIs
rae
lS
love
nia
Po
rtu
ga
lG
ree
ceS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licH
un
ga
ryPo
lan
dE
sto
nia
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Net income (Purchasing Power Parity-ad-justed)
Chart A10.4
USD
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Taxpayers are getting a good return too
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TurkeyDenmark
SpainSweden
New ZealandNorwayFranceJapan
CanadaCzech Republic
ItalyAustralia
IrelandKorea
PortugalAustria
OECD AveragePoland
NetherlandsUnited Kingdom
FinlandSloveniaHungaryBelgium
GermanyUnited States
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
21,724
28,621
29,58237,542
46,482
43,41963,701
67,411
79,77481,307
82,93284,532
85,91789,034
89,46489,705
91,036
94,12595,030
95,322
100,177155,664
166,872167,241
168,649
193,584
Public benefits Public costs
Chart A9.5 In equivalent USD
Public cost and benefits for a man obtaining tertiary education (2007 or latest available year)
Net present value
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Consumption or economic use?
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Chart A7.3
Skills acquisition and use, 25-64 year-olds
with a tertiary education (2009)
Brazil
Turkey
Italy
Portugal
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Mexico
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Chile
Slovenia
Greece
Germany
France
Spain
OECD Average
Netherlands Iceland
Sweden
Belgium
Denmark
Luxembourg
Switzerland
IrelandEstonia
Norway
AustraliaFinland
United Kingdom
Korea
New Zealand
United States
Japan
Israel
Canada
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
10 20 30 40 50
Proportion of population with tertiary education, %
Em
plo
ym
ent
rate
of
popula
tion w
ith t
ert
iary
educa
tion,
%%
4545 1
3 S
ep
tem
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2011
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Education and competitivenessUsing the skills potential
4646 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Labour costs for different qualificationsDeviation from the OECD mean in annual labour costs
(in USD for 25-64 year-olds)
Po
lan
dE
sto
nia
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licPo
rtu
ga
lIs
rae
lG
ree
ceK
ore
aN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Slo
ve
nia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
pa
inC
an
ad
aIc
ela
nd
Fra
nce
Fin
lan
dA
ust
ralia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mB
elg
ium
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
Ita
lyD
en
ma
rkU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
No
rwa
yIr
ela
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
sA
ust
ria
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
-50,000
-30,000
-10,000
10,000
30,000
50,000
70,000
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary educationTertiary education
Chart A10.2
USD
4747 1
3 S
ep
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2011
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
No
rwa
y
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ita
ly
Ice
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Au
stri
a
De
nm
ark
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Ko
rea
Au
stra
lia
Po
rtu
ga
l
Gre
ece
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
-50,000
-40,000
-30,000
-20,000
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
T A10.1 & A10.2
Deviation from the OECD mean annual labour costs of tertiary-educated individuals, by age
groupsUSD 64 000 for 25-64 year-olds
and USD 50 000 for 25-34 year-olds
4848 1
3 S
ep
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2011
Andre
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Key fi
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om
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01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Skills supply and skills premium Labour cost ratio of tertiary-educated individuals (5/6) to below upper
secondary individuals (0/1/2) and attainment levels
Chart A10.3
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Australie
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Republic
DenmarkEstoniaNew Zealand
France
GermanyGreece
Hungary
Iceland
IrelandIsrael
Italy
Korea Luxembourg
Netherlands
FinlandNorway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
R² = 0.4856
Proportion of 45-54 year-olds with tertiary education (ISCED 5/6 )
Labour
cost
rati
o ISC
ED
5/6
to 0
/1/2
(4
5-5
4 y
ears
-old
)
4949 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
International mobility
5050 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
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Key fi
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om
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01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Evolution by region of destination in the number of students enrolled outside their
country of citizenship (2000 to 2009)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 0
500 000
1 000 000
1 500 000
2 000 000
2 500 000
3 000 000
3 500 000
4 000 000
Worldwide in OECD in EU countriesin G20 countries in North America
Chart C3.1
Number of foreign students
5151 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
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Key fi
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om
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01
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dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2009)
Percentage of foreign tertiary students (reported to the OECD) who are enrolled in each country of destination
United States 18.0
United Kingdom 9.9
Australia 7.0
Germany 7.0
France 6.8
Canada 5.2Russian Federation 3.7
Japan 3.6
Spain 2.3New Zealand 1.9Italy 1.8
China 1.7
South Africa 1.7
Austria 1.6
Korea 1.4
Switzerland 1.3
Belgium 1.3
Netherlands 1.2
Sweden 1.1
Other OECD countries 6.0
Other non-OECD countries 15.7
Chart C3.2
5252 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
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Key fi
nd
ing
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om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Trends in international education market shares
Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled by destination
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Au
str
ali
a
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nce
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
...
Jap
an
Sp
ain
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ita
ly
Ch
ina
So
uth
Afr
ica
Au
str
ia
Ko
rea
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Be
lgiu
m
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sw
ed
en
Oth
er
OE
CD
Oth
er
no
n-O
EC
D
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2009
Chart C3.3
Market share (%)
The figure for other non-OECD countries refers to the part of the total foreign students studying in other G20 and non-OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the total in non-OECD destinations as estimated from UNESCO data.
5454 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Percentage of international students changing status and staying on in selected OECD countries, 2008 or
2009
Ca
na
da
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Au
stra
lia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Jap
an
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Au
stri
a
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chart C3.5
%
Percentage of students who have changed their status (whether for work, family or other reasons) among students who have not renewed their permits
5555 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of origin (2009)
China, 16.5
India, 6.2
Korea, 3.8
Germany, 2.9
France, 1.6
United States, 1.6
Russian Fed-eration, 1.6
Turkey, 1.4Canada, 1.4
Japan, 1.4
Italy, 1.3
Indonesia, 1.1Saudi Arabia, 1.0
Poland, 1.0
Other OECD countries, 9.8
Other non-OECD G20 countries, 1.3
Other non-OECD non-G20 countries, 46.0
T C3.2
5757 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Comparison of vocational attainment and unemployment rates between 25-34 and 25-64 year-
olds (2009)
C3.1
Po
rtu
ga
l
Gre
ece
Ita
ly
Tu
rke
y
Be
lgiu
m
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Ire
lan
d
Ko
rea
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Slo
ve
nia
Ca
na
da
Fin
lan
d
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
Isra
el
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
De
nm
ark
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Est
on
ia
Sw
ed
en
Ice
lan
d
Po
lan
d
No
rwa
y
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Proportion of 25-34 year-olds with vocational attainment minus pro-portion of 25-64 year-olds with vocational attainment
Chart A7.5
%
5858 1
3 S
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01
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ion o
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uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Who pays for what, when and how?
5959 1
3 S
ep
tem
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2011
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Key fi
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om
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01
1 e
dit
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fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Investment in education OECD countries as a whole
spend 6.1% of their GDP on education Expenditure per student increased by 54%,
on average, between 1995 and 2008 Mixed pattern in tertiary education
Countries vary significantly in how they spend their money, different priorities on…… Salaries, learning time, teaching time,
class size Room for more effective cost-sharing
between government and households Even if household expenditure rose much faster
than public spending in tertiary education
6060 1
3 S
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2011
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Key fi
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ing
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01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP,
all levels of education (1995, 2000, 2008)
Ice
lan
d
Isra
el
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ch
ile
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Arg
en
tin
a
Fra
nce
Me
xic
o
Po
lan
d
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Ire
lan
d
Au
stri
a
Po
rtu
ga
l
Sp
ain
Ita
ly
Hu
ng
ary
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2008 2000 1995% of GDP
Chart B2.1
6161 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
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Key fi
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om
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01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Expenditure on educational institutions and GDP,
Index of change (2000, 2008)
Bra
zil
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tio
nIr
ela
nd
Ko
rea
No
rwa
yU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Me
xic
oIc
ela
nd
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
sB
elg
ium
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
pa
inD
en
ma
rkO
EC
D a
ve
rag
eC
hile
Un
ite
d S
tate
sFin
lan
dA
ust
ralia
Ca
na
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Po
rtu
ga
lIt
aly
Po
lan
dS
we
de
nE
sto
nia
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licG
erm
an
yJa
pa
nA
ust
ria
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dFra
nce
Isra
el80
90100110120130140150160170180190200
Change in expenditure
Change in gross domestic product
Change in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP
Chart B2.1
Index of change
(2000=100)
6262 1
3 S
ep
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Key fi
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uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure (1995,2000,
2008)M
exic
oN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Bra
zil
Ch
ile
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ch
ina
No
rwa
yK
ore
aD
en
ma
rkE
sto
nia
Un
ite
d S
tate
sIs
rae
lIr
ela
nd
Ice
lan
dS
we
de
nB
elg
ium
Au
str
ali
aF
inla
nd
Ca
na
da
Ne
the
rla
nd
sP
ola
nd
Slo
ve
nia
Po
rtu
ga
lA
ustr
iaS
pa
inU
nit
ed
Kin
...
Fra
nce
Ge
rma
ny
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
u..
.C
ze
ch
Re
pu
...
Jap
an
Ita
ly
0
5
10
15
20
25
2008 2000 1995 OECD average
% of total public expenditure
Chart B4.1
6363 1
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ber
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Andre
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ing
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om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Slo
ve
nia
Ge
rma
ny
Fin
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ko
rea
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
Bra
zil
Sw
itze
rla
nd
De
nm
ark
Jap
an
Est
on
ia
Arg
en
tin
a
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Core services Ancillary services and R&D Total
Chart B1.1
USD
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions from primary through tertiary
education, by type of services (2008) in equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities, based
on full-time equivalents
6464 1
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om
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01
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dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Annual expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
education (2008) in equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities,
based on full-time equivalents
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
No
rwa
y
Au
stri
a
Ice
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Ire
lan
d
Slo
ve
nia
Ca
na
da
Fin
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Ch
ile
Bra
zil0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
OECD averageUSD
TB1.2
6565 1
3 S
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Key fi
nd
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s fr
om
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01
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dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Annual expenditure per student in tertiary education (2008)
in equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities,based on full-time equivalents
Un
ite
d S
tate
sS
wit
zerl
an
dC
an
ad
aS
we
de
nN
orw
ay
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
sIr
ela
nd
Fin
lan
dG
erm
an
yU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Au
stri
aA
ust
ralia
Be
lgiu
mJa
pa
nFr
an
ceS
pa
inIs
rae
lB
razi
lN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Ice
lan
dPo
rtu
ga
lIt
aly
Slo
ve
nia
Ko
rea
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licM
exi
coH
un
ga
ryPo
lan
dC
hile
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tio
nS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licC
hin
aA
rge
nti
na
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
OECD average
Chart B1.2
USD
6666 1
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ep
tem
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om
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01
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dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Expenditure on educational institutions per student at various levels of education for all services relative
to primary education (2008)Primary education = 100
Bra
zil
Me
xic
oU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Ge
rma
ny
Ch
ileN
eth
erl
an
ds
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Isra
el
Fra
nce
Au
stra
liaS
we
de
nC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Fin
lan
dIr
ela
nd
Jap
an
Po
rtu
ga
lO
EC
D a
ve
rag
eN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Sp
ain
Be
lgiu
mA
rge
nti
na
De
nm
ark
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mN
orw
ay
Ko
rea
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licA
ust
ria
Po
lan
dIt
aly
Ice
lan
d
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350539
Pre-primary education Secondary education Tertiary education
Chart B1.3
Index
Level of expenditure higher than for primary education
Level of expenditure lower than for primary education
6767 1
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uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Annual expenditure per primary student by educational institutions
relative to GDP per capita (2008)1
0,0
00
12
,50
0
15
,00
0
17
,50
0
20
,00
0
22
,50
0
25
,00
0
27
,50
0
30
,00
0
32
,50
0
35
,00
0
37
,50
0
40
,00
0
42
,50
0
45
,00
0
47
,50
0
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
MEX
CHL CZESVK
POL
HUN
DEUKOR
ISRNZL
PRTFRA
FINESP
AUS
IRLNLD
JPNBEL
SWEUKMITA
AUTCHE
ISL NOR
USA
BRA
DNK
EST
ARG
R² = 0.793812641561838
Expenditure per student (in equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
GDP per capita (in equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
Chart B1.5
6868 1
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om
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dit
ion o
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uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Annual expenditure per secondary student by educational institutions
relative to GDP per capita (2008)
10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 450000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
BRA
CHL
MEX
SVK
POLHUN
CZE ISRNZL
PRTKOR FIN
DEUSVN
ESP
JPNISLITASWE
BEL
UKMAUS
IRLFRA NLD
AUTUSA
NOR
DNK
EST
ARG
R² = 0.861849348607654
Expenditure per student (in equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
GDP per capita (in equivalent USD converted using PPPs)
Chart B1.5
6969 1
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om
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01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Po
lan
dK
ore
aS
pa
inPo
rtu
ga
lE
sto
nia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mA
ust
ria
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licFin
lan
dJa
pa
nFra
nce
Me
xic
oD
en
ma
rkIr
ela
nd
Ca
na
da
OE
CD
ave
rag
eN
orw
ay
Be
lgiu
mIt
aly
Au
stra
liaG
erm
an
yS
we
de
nS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licIc
ela
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
sU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
708090
100110120130140150160170180190200210
Change in expenditure
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
Chart B1.6
Index of change (2000 = 100)
Changes in student numbers and expenditure
for tertiary educationIndex of change between 2000 and 2008 (2000=100, 2008 constant prices)
7070 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Un
ite
d S
tate
sK
ore
aC
an
ad
aC
hile
Fin
lan
dN
orw
ay
Isra
el
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dS
we
de
nN
eth
erl
an
ds
Au
stra
liaO
EC
D a
ve
rag
ePo
lan
dIr
ela
nd
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
mPo
rtu
ga
lA
ust
ria
Me
xic
oS
pa
inU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
wit
zerl
an
dG
erm
an
yS
love
nia
Ita
lyS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licH
un
ga
ryB
razi
lD
en
ma
rkR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ra..
.Ja
pa
nE
sto
nia
Ice
lan
dA
rge
nti
na
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Total expenditure on educational institutionsResearch and development (R&D)Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions)Educational core services
Chart B6.2
% of GDP
Expenditure on core services, R&D and ancillary services in tertiary educational institutions
as a percentage of GDP (2008)
7171 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2008)
percentage, by level of education
Ch
ileK
ore
aJa
pa
nU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Un
ite
d S
tate
sA
ust
ralia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Po
rtu
ga
lR
uss
ian
Fe
de
rati
on
OE
CD
ave
rag
ePo
lan
dM
exic
oN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Ita
lyN
eth
erl
an
ds
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licE
sto
nia
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licA
rge
nti
na
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
dS
love
nia
Au
stri
aG
erm
an
yS
we
de
nB
elg
ium
Ice
lan
dFin
lan
dD
en
ma
rkN
orw
ay
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education%
Chart B3.1
7272 1
3 S
ep
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ber
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Andre
as
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leic
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005, 2008)
percentage, by level of education
Ch
ile
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Po
rtu
ga
l
Po
lan
d
Me
xic
o
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ita
ly
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Est
on
ia
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
d
Slo
ve
nia
Au
stri
a
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
m
Ice
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2008 2005 2000
Chart B3.3
%
7373 1
3 S
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Key fi
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om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
This chart does not take into
account grants, subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset the students’ tuition
fees
Average annual tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A public institutions for full-time national students
(academic year 2008-09)
Portugal (84%, 10 373), Italy (50%, 9 556),
Spain (46%, 13 928),
Czech Republic (59%, 8 738), Denmark (55%, 17 634), Finland (69%, 15 402), Ireland (51%, 16 284), Iceland (77%, 10 429), Mexico (35%, 7 504), Norway
(77%, 18 942), Sweden (68%, 20 864)
Canada (m, 24 384)
New Zealand (78%, 11 125)
Japan (49%, 16 533), Australia (94%, 16 297),
Netherlands (63%, 17 245)
United Kingdom1 (61%, 15 314)
Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)France (m, 14 945)
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
USD
Chart B5.2
1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.
United States (70%, 29 910)6000
Korea (71%, 10 109)
Austria (54%, 15 081), Switzerland (41%, 23 284)
7474 1
3 S
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2011
Andre
as
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leic
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Public subsidies for education in tertiary education (2008)Public subsidies for education to households and other private entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on education, by type of
subsidy
Ch
ileU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Au
stri
aD
en
ma
rkS
love
nia
Ita
lyS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licN
orw
ay
Un
ite
d S
tate
sE
sto
nia
Fin
lan
dPo
rtu
ga
lH
un
ga
ryB
elg
ium
Ire
lan
dG
erm
an
yN
eth
erl
an
ds
Isra
el
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dA
ust
ralia
Sw
ed
en
Ko
rea
Sp
ain
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fra
nce
Bra
zil
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licM
exic
oC
an
ad
aJa
pa
nPo
lan
dA
rge
nti
na
Ice
lan
d0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Student loans
Transfers and payments to other private entities
Scholarships/ other grants to households
OECD average
Chart B5.3
% of total public ex-penditure on education
7575 1
3 S
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ber
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Andre
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Sch
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Average tuition fees and proportion of students who benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants
Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008/09, national full-time students
0 25 50 75 1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
United States
Japan
Australia
New Zealand
NetherlandsItaly
SpainAustria
Belgium (Fl.)Belgium (Fr.)
France
Switzerland
Finland
Norway
DanemarkSweden
IcelandMexico
Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR sholarships/grants
Ave
rage
tui
tion
fee
s ch
arge
d by
pub
lic in
stitu
tion
s in
USD
Group 1:No (or low) financial barriers for tertiary
studies due to tuition fees and still a high level of student aid.
Group 2:Potentially high financial
barriers for entry to tertiary-type A
education, but also large public subsidies to
students.
Group 3:Extensive and broadly uniform cost sharing
across students, student support systems somewhat less
developed.
Group 4:Relatively low financial
barriers to entry to tertiary education and relatively low subsidies
Bubble size shows
graduation rates
7676 1
3 S
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tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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Key fi
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om
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01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Who pays for what, when and how?School education
7777 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
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as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Bra
zil
Est
on
iaS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licIr
ela
nd
Ko
rea
Po
lan
dH
un
ga
ryC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mIc
ela
nd
Ch
ileO
EC
D a
ve
rag
eS
pa
inFin
lan
dA
ust
ralia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sC
an
ad
aS
we
de
nS
wit
zerl
an
dN
orw
ay
Be
lgiu
mM
exic
oU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Jap
an
Isra
el
Au
stri
aD
en
ma
rkPo
rtu
ga
lG
erm
an
yIt
aly
Fra
nce
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
Change in expenditureChange in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)Change in expenditure per student
Chart B1.6
Index of change (2000 = 100)
Changes in student numbers and expenditurePrimary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Index of change between 2000 and 2008 (2000=100, 2008 constant prices)
7878 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Cumulative expenditure on educational institutions per student over primary and secondary studies
(2008) Annual expenditure on educational institutions per student multiplied by the theoretical
duration of studies, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgS
wit
zerl
an
dN
orw
ay
Ice
lan
dD
en
ma
rkU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Au
stri
aIr
ela
nd
Ita
lyB
elg
ium
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mS
we
de
nS
love
nia
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Au
stra
liaG
erm
an
yJa
pa
nN
eth
erl
an
ds
Fin
lan
dN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Ko
rea
Po
rtu
ga
lE
sto
nia
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licPo
lan
dH
un
ga
ryS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licC
hile
Me
xic
oB
razi
l0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Primary educationLower secondaryUpper secondary educationAll secondary education
TB1.3b (web)
In equivalent USD using PPPs
OECD average (primary and secondary)
7979 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Po
rtu
ga
l
Arg
en
tin
a
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
Jap
an
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sp
ain
Ire
lan
d
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nce
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ca
na
da
Slo
ve
nia
Au
stri
a
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Ko
rea
Po
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Compensation of all staffOther current expenditure
Chart B6.1
Distribution of current expenditure by educational institutions
for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2008)
8080 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sp
ain
De
nm
ark
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Po
rtu
ga
lB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)G
erm
an
yG
ree
ceN
eth
erl
an
ds
Ire
lan
dA
ust
ria
Jap
an
No
rwa
yA
ust
ralia
Fra
nce
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mK
ore
aU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Ice
lan
dIt
aly
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dFin
lan
dS
love
nia
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licPo
lan
dH
un
ga
ryT
urk
ey
Est
on
iaC
hile
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
Contribution of teachers' salary
Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time
Contribution of estimated class size
Difference with OECD average
Chart B7.1
In equivalent USD using PPPs
Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per upper secondary student
(2008)
8181 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)S
pa
inPo
rtu
ga
lIr
ela
nd
De
nm
ark
Gre
ece
Au
stri
aG
erm
an
yA
ust
ralia
Fin
lan
dN
orw
ay
Slo
ve
nia
Ita
lyJa
pa
nN
eth
erl
an
ds
Un
ite
d S
tate
sU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Ice
lan
dK
ore
aN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licIs
rae
lH
un
ga
ryPo
lan
dE
sto
nia
Me
xic
oC
hile
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Contribution of teachers' salaryContribution of instruction timeContribution of teaching timeContribution of estimated class sizeDifference with OECD average
TB7.2
In equivalent USD using PPPs
Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per lower secondary student
(2008)
8282 1
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ber
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Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgD
en
ma
rkS
wit
zerl
an
dN
orw
ay
Sp
ain
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Gre
ece
Po
rtu
ga
lB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)U
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Ire
lan
dG
erm
an
yIt
aly
Au
stri
aA
ust
ralia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sIc
ela
nd
Fin
lan
dJa
pa
nK
ore
aN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mS
love
nia
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
Po
lan
dIs
rae
lC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Tu
rke
yE
sto
nia
Me
xic
oC
hile
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Contribution of teachers' salaryContribution of instruction timeContribution of teaching timeContribution of estimated class sizeDifference with OECD average
TB7.1
In equivalent USD using PPPs
Contribution (in USD) of various factors to salary cost per primary student (2008)
8383 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
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Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Difference between the salary cost per student and the OECD average,
by level of education (2008)
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgS
wit
zerl
an
dS
pa
inD
en
ma
rkB
elg
ium
(Fl.)
Po
rtu
ga
lB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)G
erm
an
yG
ree
ceN
eth
erl
an
ds
Ire
lan
dA
ust
ria
Jap
an
No
rwa
yA
ust
ralia
Fra
nce
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mK
ore
aU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Ice
lan
dIt
aly
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dFin
lan
dS
love
nia
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licPo
lan
dH
un
ga
ryT
urk
ey
Est
on
iaC
hile
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Lower secondary education
Primary education
Upper secondary education
Chart B7.3
In equivalent USD using PPPs
Luxembourg: More than USD 7 000 in secondary education
8484 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
ItalyAustralia
IsraelBelgium (Fr.)Netherlands
MexicoFranceIreland
SpainLuxembourg
PortugalEngland
Belgium (Fl.)Turkey
ChileAustria
OECD averageDenmark
IcelandGermany
JapanGreece
Slovak RepublicNorway
HungaryCzech Republic
KoreaSweden
Russian Federa-tion
SloveniaFinlandEstoniaPoland
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
Ages 7 to 8 Ages 9 to 11 Ages 12 to 14
Chart D1.1Total number of intended instruction time in hours
Total number of intended instruction hours in public institutions between the ages of 7 and 14
(2009)
Students in OECD countries are expected to receive, on average, 6 732 hours of instruction between the ages of 7 and 14, of which 1 550 between ages 7 and 8, 2 462 between ages 9 and 11, and 2 720 between ages 12 and 14. The large majority of intended hours of instruction is compulsory.
8585 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Relationships between performance in science and total science learning time (PISA 2006)
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0350
400
450
500
550
600
Russian Federation
Greece
Mexico
United Kingdom
Canada
Indonesia
United States
Portugal
Korea
Turkey
New Zealand
Italy
Estonia
SpainPoland
GermanyHungary
Slovenia
DenmarkNorway
Australia
Israel
France
Chile
Brazil
Finland
Slovak Republic
Czech RepublicSweden
Iceland
Argentina
Belgium
Luxembourg
Ireland
AustriaNetherlands
Switzerland
Japan
Box D1.2 Total science learning time (hours per week)
R²=0,02
ScoreMore total learning time does not necessarily mean better performance …
8686 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Relationships between performance in science and relative learning time in regular school science lessons
(PISA 2006)(Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning
time)
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80350
400
450
500
550
600
Greece
Mexico
Russian Federation
Chile
Brazil
Turkey
Hungary
Argentina
Poland
Italy
Israel
Indonesia
Portugal
SloveniaNetherlands
Germany
United StatesSpainSlovak Republic
Norway
Estonia
Switzerland
France
Belgium
Austria
Ireland
Canada
Denmark
Sweden
Korea
Czech Republic
Iceland
United Kingdom
Finland
Australia
New ZealandJapan
Luxembourg
Box D1.2 Share of learning hours in regular school lessons out of total science learning time (%)
Score
R²=0,50
…while the higher the percentage of students’ total learning time spent during normal school hours, the better countries perform.
8787 1
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Andre
as
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Ch
ina
Ch
ileK
ore
aJa
pa
nIs
rae
lIn
do
ne
sia
Arg
en
tin
aT
urk
ey
Bra
zil
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mIr
ela
nd
Au
stra
liaU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Fra
nce
Ge
rma
ny
Sp
ain
Hu
ng
ary
Po
rtu
ga
lB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)C
zech
Re
pu
blic
Me
xic
oFin
lan
dS
wit
zerl
an
dD
en
ma
rkA
ust
ria
Ita
lyPo
lan
dS
love
nia
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
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sto
nia
Ice
lan
dG
ree
ceR
uss
ian
Fe
de
rati
on
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2009 2000
Chart D2.1
Number of studentsper classroom
Average class size in primary education (2000, 2009)
8888 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
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leic
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Ch
ina
Ind
on
esi
aK
ore
aJa
pa
nIs
rae
lC
hile
Bra
zil
Me
xico
Arg
en
tin
aG
erm
an
yFr
an
ceS
pa
inA
ust
ralia
Pola
nd
Un
ite
d S
tate
sPo
rtu
ga
lA
ust
ria
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licH
un
ga
ryG
ree
ceIt
aly
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Fin
lan
dE
sto
nia
De
nm
ark
Slo
ven
iaU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Ice
lan
dLu
xem
bo
urg
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tio
n
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2009 2000
Tables D2.1 and D2.4
Number of studentsper classroom
Average class size in lower secondary education
(2000, 2009)
8989 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Ch
ina
Ind
on
esi
aK
ore
aJa
pa
nIs
rae
lC
hile
Bra
zil
Me
xic
oA
rge
nti
na
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
OE
CD
ave
rag
eA
ust
ralia
Po
lan
dU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
ga
lA
ust
ria
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licH
un
ga
ryG
ree
ceIt
aly
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licFin
lan
dE
sto
nia
De
nm
ark
Slo
ve
nia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mIc
ela
nd
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgS
wit
zerl
an
dR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ra..
.T
urk
ey
Ire
lan
dB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Primary educationLower secondary education
Number of stu-dents per classroom
Chart D2.2
Average class size in educational institutions,
by level of education (2009)
9090 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
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Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Average class size in national language-of-instruction classes for 15-year-olds (2009)
Shanghai-C
hin
aJa
pan
Chile
Kore
aM
exi
coIn
donesi
aB
razi
lH
ungary
Isra
el
Slo
venia
Arg
entina
Turk
ey
France
Canada
United K
ingdom
Germ
any
OEC
D a
vera
ge
United S
tate
sN
ew
Zeala
nd
Slo
vak
Republic
Cze
ch R
epublic
Neth
erl
ands
Norw
ay
Aust
ralia
Irela
nd
Gre
ece
Est
onia
Pola
nd
Port
ugal
Spain
Russ
ian F
edera
tion
Sw
eden
Luxe
mbourg
Italy
Aust
ria
Denm
ark
Finla
nd
Icela
nd
Sw
itze
rland
Belg
ium
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Average class size
Chart box D2.1
Number of stu-dents per classroom
Difference between smallest 10% of classes and largest 10% of classes
9191 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
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leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Teachers' salaries (minimum, after 10 years experience, 15 years experience, and maximum) in lower secondary
education (2009)Annual statutory teachers’ salaries in public institutions in lower
secondary education, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ko
rea
Sco
tla
nd
Au
stra
lia
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Fin
lan
d
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ita
ly
Fra
nce
Gre
ece
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Po
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Ind
on
esi
a
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Salary after 15 years of experience/ minimum trainingStarting salary/ minimum trainingSalary at the top of scale/ minimum trainingSalary after 10 years of experience/minimum training
Equivalent USD conver-ted using PPPs
Chart D3.1
The annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers with 15 years of experience range from less than USD 15 000 in Hungary, the Slovak Republic and the partner country Indonesia to over USD 54 000 or more in Denmark, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands, and more than USD 111 000 in Luxembourg.
9292 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rg
Ko
rea
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Fin
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Sco
tla
nd
Ire
lan
d
Be
lgiu
m (
Fr.
)
Au
stra
lia
Fra
nce
Est
on
ia
En
gla
nd
Slo
ve
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sw
ed
en
Isra
el
Po
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Ita
ly
Au
stri
a
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ice
lan
d
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
0
1
2
Chart D3.1
Teachers’ payRatio of salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training
to earnings for full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education aged 25 to 64 (2009 or latest available year)
Teachers fare worse than tertiary-educated workers
Teachers fare better than tertiary-educated workers
9393 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Changes in lower secondary teachers’ salaries after 15 years of experience/minimum training (1995, 2000, 2005,
2009)Index of change between 2005 and 1995, 2000 and 2009, (2005 =
100, constant prices)
Est
on
iaC
zech
Re
pu
blic
De
nm
ark
Ire
lan
dN
eth
erl
an
ds
Ice
lan
dIs
rae
lN
orw
ay
Port
ug
al
Sp
ain
Luxe
mb
ou
rgB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)G
ree
ceA
ust
ria
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Fin
lan
dS
we
de
nO
EC
D a
ve
rag
eM
exi
coE
ng
lan
dS
wit
zerl
an
dS
cotl
an
dIt
aly
Ko
rea
Un
ite
d S
tate
sA
ust
ralia
Jap
an
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
200919952000
Chart D3.2
Index of change
2005=100
9494 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Trends in the ratio of salaries after 15 years of experience/minimum training to GDP per capita
(2000, 2005, 2009)K
ore
aM
exic
oG
erm
an
yPo
rtu
ga
lS
pa
inS
wit
zerl
an
dC
hile
Jap
an
Ire
lan
dN
eth
erl
an
ds
Sco
tla
nd
De
nm
ark
En
gla
nd
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgO
EC
D a
ve
rag
eS
love
nia
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
Au
stra
liaB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)Fin
lan
dIt
aly
Gre
ece
Au
stri
aFra
nce
No
rwa
yIs
rae
lU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Po
lan
dS
we
de
nC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Ice
lan
dE
sto
nia
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licIn
do
ne
sia
0
1
2
32009 2000 2005
Chart D3.3
9595 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2009)
Net statutory contact time in hours per year in public institutions
Arg
en
tin
a
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Sco
tla
nd
Bra
zil
Ge
rma
ny
Ire
lan
d
En
gla
nd
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
No
rwa
y
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Tu
rke
y
Est
on
ia
Ita
ly
Ice
lan
d
Jap
an
Fin
lan
d
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
...
Gre
ece
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Lower secondary educationPrimary educationUpper secondary education, general programmes
Hours per year
Chart D4.2
9696 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Number of teaching hours per year in lower secondary education (2000, 2005 and 2009)
Net statutory contact time in hours per year in public institutions
Ch
ileU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Me
xic
oS
cotl
an
dA
ust
ralia
Bra
zil
Po
rtu
ga
lG
erm
an
yN
eth
erl
an
ds
Ire
lan
dIn
do
ne
sia
En
gla
nd
Sp
ain
Slo
ve
nia
Be
lgiu
m (
Fl.)
OE
CD
ave
rag
eB
elg
ium
(Fr.
)N
orw
ay
De
nm
ark
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licFra
nce
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgE
sto
nia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licIt
aly
Ko
rea
Ice
lan
dA
ust
ria
Jap
an
Hu
ng
ary
Fin
lan
dIs
rae
lR
uss
ian
Fe
de
rati
on
Po
lan
dG
ree
ce
0100200300400500600700800900
1,0001,1001,2001,300
2009 2000 2005
Chart D4.1
Hours per year
9797 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Lifelong learning is becoming a reality……but not for all
Those who need it most get the least of it
9898 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Chart C5.4
Participation of 25-64 year-olds in formal and/or non-formal education (2007)
Sw
ed
en
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
De
nm
ark
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Ca
na
da
Est
on
ia
Au
stri
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Slo
ve
nia
Be
lgiu
m
Au
stra
lia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Ko
rea
Ire
lan
d
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ita
ly
Po
lan
d
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Formal Formal and non-formal
Non-formal%
9999 1
3 S
ep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Expected hours over the working life in all non-formal education and in job-related
non-formal education (2007) D
en
ma
rk
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Au
stri
a
Ge
rma
ny
Be
lgiu
m
Sw
itze
rla
nd
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Est
on
ia
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Sp
ain
Ca
na
da
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Po
rtu
ga
l
Un
ite
d K
in..
.
Ko
rea
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Po
lan
d
Slo
ve
nia
Gre
ece
Ita
ly
Hu
ng
ary
Tu
rke
y
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
All non-formal education
Job-related non-formal education
Chart C5.1
Hours
100100
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Participation rate in all non-formal education and in job-related non-formal education, hours of instruction per participant and
per adult in job-related non-formal education, 2007
Sw
ed
en
Fin
lan
dN
orw
ay
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Un
ite
d S
tate
sG
erm
an
yN
eth
erl
an
ds
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
licU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Est
on
iaA
ust
ria
De
nm
ark
Slo
ve
nia
Ca
na
da
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licO
EC
D a
ve
rag
eN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
Be
lgiu
mFra
nce
Au
stra
liaS
pa
inK
ore
aIr
ela
nd
Po
rtu
ga
lIt
aly
Po
lan
dT
urk
ey
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
0
10
20
3040
50
60
7080
90
100
110120
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Hours of job-related non-formal education per participant (left hand axis)Hours of job-related non-formal education per adult (left hand axis)Participation all non-formal education (right hand axis)
Chart C5.2
Mean number of
hours%
101101
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Hours of instruction per employed participant in job-related non-formal education,by educational attainment (2007)
De
nm
ark
Hu
ng
ary
Be
lgiu
m
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Fin
lan
d
Po
rtu
ga
l
Gre
ece
Po
lan
d
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ca
na
da
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Slo
va
k R
ep
u..
.
Est
on
ia
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ko
rea
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Un
ite
d K
in..
.
Ita
ly
Slo
ve
nia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Not attained ISCED 3 Attained ISCED 3/4 Attained ISCED 5/6
Chart C5.3
Hours of instruction
102102
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Proportion of individuals who have looked for and found information, by educational
attainment, 2007N
eth
erl
an
ds
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
lan
d
Ko
rea
Au
stri
a
Ca
na
da
Sw
ed
en
Au
stra
lia
Slo
ve
nia
Po
rtu
ga
l
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
lan
d
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Be
lgiu
m
Ge
rma
ny
Ita
ly
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Not attained ISCED 3 Attained ISCED 3/4 Attained ISCED 5/6
found information (<ISCED 3) found information (ISCED 3/4) found information (ISCED 5/6)
Chart A3.2
%
103103
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Participation in non-formal education, by force status, 2007
Sw
ed
en
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Est
on
ia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Au
stri
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
ve
nia
Co
un
try a
ve
rag
e
De
nm
ark
Be
lgiu
m
Ca
na
da
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ire
lan
d
Ita
ly
Po
lan
d
Ko
rea
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Employed Unemployed Not in the labour force
Table C5.3d
%
104104
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Education and equity
105105
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Relationship between student vulnerability and inequality associated with parents’
education (PISA 2009)
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Indonesia
ArgentinaBrazil
Mexico
Chile
Russian FederationTurkey
AustriaCzech Republic Slovak RepublicLuxembourg
IsraelGreeceSlovenia
Spain
Italy Portugal
United KingdomUnited States
Hungary
Denmark
Sweden
France Germany
Ireland
Poland
Switzerland
Netherlands
Iceland
Estonia
Norway
Belgium
AustraliaNew Zealand
Japan
Canada Finland Korea
Shanghai-China
Chart D6.1
High level of vulnerabilityLow level of inequality
High level of vulnerabil-ityHigh level of inequality
Low level of vulnerabil-ityLow level of inequality
Low level of vulner-ability
High level of inequal-ity
% students with reading scores below level 3
Relative risk for low parental education
106106
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
School accountability
107107
13
Sep
tem
ber
2011
Andre
as
Sch
leic
her
Key fi
nd
ing
s fr
om
the 2
01
1 e
dit
ion o
fEd
uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Performance accountability in public schools (2009)
Chart D5.1
Existence of national examinati
ons
Primary Lower
secondary
Upper secondar
y
Existence of national assessmen
ts
Primary Lower
secondary
Upper secondar
y
Australia
Austria
Belgiu
m (Fl.)
Belgiu
m (Fr.)
Chile
Czech Repu
blic
Den
mark
England
Estonia
Finland
Fra
nce
Germany
Gre
ece
Hung
ary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembo
urg
Mexico
Neth
erlan
ds
Norw
ay
Poland
Portugal
Scotland
Slovak Repu
blic
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
United
States
Brazil
Indon
esia
Russian
Fed
eration
No examination or assessment One or two subjects assessed Three or four subjects assessed
Five or more subjects assessed Not applicable
108108
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Regulatory accountability in public schools (2009)
Chart D5.1
School inspections required
Primary
Lower secondary
Upper secondary
School self-
evaluations required
Primary
Lower secondary
Upper secondary
A
ustr
alia
Austria
Belgiu
m (Fl.)
Belgiu
m (Fr.)
Chile
Czech
Republi
c
Denmark
Engl
and
Estonia
Finl
and
France
German
y
Greece
Hungary
Icel
and
Irel
and
Israe
l
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherl
ands
Norw
ay
Pola
nd
Port
ugal
Scotland
Slovak Republi
c
Spain
Sw
eden
Turkey
United
States
Brazil
Indonesia
Russian
Federatio
n
No required school inspections or school self-evaluations
School inspections or school self-evaluations required but frequency unknown
No requirement for the frequency of inspections or self-evaluations Once every 3+ years Once every two or three years
Once a year or more often Not applicable Missing
109109
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2011
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Distribution of influence of school inspections, by domains (2009)
Eva
lua
tio
n o
f sc
ho
ol p
...
Eva
lua
tio
n o
f sc
ho
ol a
dm
...
Th
e lik
elih
oo
d o
f a
sch
o..
.
Eva
lua
tio
n o
f in
div
idu
al...
Th
e a
ssis
tan
ce p
rovid
ed
...
Th
e p
rovis
ion
of
an
oth
er.
..
Th
e s
ize
of
the
sch
oo
l ..
.
Th
e r
em
un
era
tio
n a
nd
b..
.0
5
10
15
20
25
Not applicable No influence at all Low level of influence Moderate level of influence High level of influence
Chart D5.2
Numberof countries
110110
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2011
Andre
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Areas for school inspections and school self-evaluations at the lower secondary level
(2009)
Compliance with rules
and regula-tions
Quality of instruction
Student per-for-
mance
Financial man-
agement
Satisfaction and per-
ceptions of students
Satisfaction and per-
ceptions of parents
Satisfaction and per-
ceptions of staff
0
5
10
15
20
25
School inspections
School self-evaluations
Chart D5.3
Numberof countries
111111
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2011
Andre
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01
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ion o
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uca
tion a
t a G
lance
Un
ite
d S
tate
sK
ore
aC
an
ad
aC
hile
Fin
lan
dN
orw
ay
Isra
el
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
dS
we
de
nN
eth
erl
an
ds
Au
stra
liaO
EC
D a
ve
rag
ePo
lan
dIr
ela
nd
Fra
nce
Be
lgiu
mPo
rtu
ga
lA
ust
ria
Me
xic
oS
pa
inU
nit
ed
Kin
gd
om
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licS
wit
zerl
an
dG
erm
an
yS
love
nia
Ita
lyS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licH
un
ga
ryB
razi
lD
en
ma
rkR
uss
ian
Fe
de
ra..
.Ja
pa
nE
sto
nia
Ice
lan
dA
rge
nti
na
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Total expenditure on educational institutionsResearch and development (R&D)Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions)Educational core services
Chart B6.2
% of GDP
Expenditure on core services, R&D and ancillary services in tertiary educational institutions
as a percentage of GDP (2008)
114114
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2011
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Po
lan
dK
ore
aS
pa
inPo
rtu
ga
lE
sto
nia
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
mA
ust
ria
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
licFin
lan
dJa
pa
nFra
nce
Me
xic
oD
en
ma
rkIr
ela
nd
Ca
na
da
OE
CD
ave
rag
eN
orw
ay
Be
lgiu
mIt
aly
Au
stra
liaG
erm
an
yS
we
de
nS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licIc
ela
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
sU
nit
ed
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Hu
ng
ary
Ch
ile
708090
100110120130140150160170180190200210
Change in expenditure
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
Chart B1.6
Index of change (2000 = 100)
Changes in student numbers and expenditure
for tertiary educationIndex of change between 2000 and 2008 (2000=100, 2008 constant prices)
115115
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2011
Andre
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Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005, 2008)
percentage, by level of education
Ch
ile
Ko
rea
Jap
an
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Au
stra
lia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Po
rtu
ga
l
Po
lan
d
Me
xic
o
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ita
ly
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Est
on
ia
Sp
ain
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Ire
lan
d
Slo
ve
nia
Au
stri
a
Ge
rma
ny
Sw
ed
en
Be
lgiu
m
Ice
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2008 2005 2000
Chart B3.3
%
117117
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2011
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This chart does not take into
account grants, subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset the students’ tuition
fees
Average annual tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A public institutions for full-time national students
(academic year 2008-09)
Portugal (84%, 10 373), Italy (50%, 9 556),
Spain (46%, 13 928),
Czech Republic (59%, 8 738), Denmark (55%, 17 634), Finland (69%, 15 402), Ireland (51%, 16 284), Iceland (77%, 10 429), Mexico (35%, 7 504), Norway
(77%, 18 942), Sweden (68%, 20 864)
Canada (m, 24 384)
New Zealand (78%, 11 125)
Japan (49%, 16 533), Australia (94%, 16 297),
Netherlands (63%, 17 245)
United Kingdom1 (61%, 15 314)
Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (m, m)France (m, 14 945)
0
500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
USD
Chart B5.2
1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most students are enrolled in government-dependent private institutions.
United States (70%, 29 910)6000
Korea (71%, 10 109)
Austria (54%, 15 081), Switzerland (41%, 23 284)
118118
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TurkeyCzech Rep.
KoreaPoland
PortugalHungary
SpainNew Zealand
BelgiumAustralia
OECD averageItaly
FinlandNorwaySwedenCanada
DenmarkGermany
AustriaUnited Kingdom
Netherlands
-100,000 -50,000 0 50,000 100,000
23,899 38,466
43,039 44,268
46,603 52,065 56,077
59,711 61,658
71,057 79,821
85,603 94,315
98,176 99,960
100,378 103,660
112,018 119,458
124,906 161,110
Private foregone earnings Public direct costPublic foregone earnings Total investment private + public in USD equivalent
USD equivalent
Public costsPrivate costs
Chart A9.4
Public and private investment for a man obtaining higher education (2007 or latest
available year)
Total investment private+pu
blic
123123
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2011
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tion a
t a G
lance
Thank you !
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