English book 2

English book 2

Lesson 1

According to /əˈkɔːrd·ɪŋ·tə, -ˌtʊ, -ˌtuː/

• Preposition


• Preposition• as stated by


• Preposition• as stated by • According to my mother, you have to eat three

meals a day every day.


• preposition


• preposition • FOLLOWING: in a way that agrees with; by


• preposition • FOLLOWING: in a way that agrees with; by• The teacher sorted the exams according to

grade, with the A’s on top and the F’s on the bottom.

banana /bəˈnæn·ə/


• noun C/U


• noun C/U • a long, curved fruit with a usually yellow skin

and soft, sweet flesh inside


• noun C/U • a long, curved fruit with a usually yellow skin

and soft, sweet flesh inside • Banana is a good and useful fruit.

bananas /bəˈnæn·əz/

• adjective


• adjective • not gradable informal


• adjective • not gradable informal • very excited because of pleasure, anger, or

another emotion


• adjective • not gradable informal • very excited because of pleasure, anger, or

another emotion • She’ll go bananas when you tell her the news.

Bill /bɪl/

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C • MONEY

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C • MONEY• a piece of paper money

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C • MONEY• a piece of paper money • He pulled out a thick wad of bills and gave me

$20.

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C • REQUEST FOR PAYMENT

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C • REQUEST FOR PAYMENT • 1- a list of expenses to be paid, or the total

amount of costs or expenses

Bill /bɪl/


amount of costs or expenses • We still have doctors’ bills to pay.

Bill /bɪl/


amount of costs or expenses • We still have doctors’ bills to pay. • 2 - A bill is also a check

bill /bɪl/

• verb T

bill /bɪl/

• verb T • to send someone a statement of what is owed

bill /bɪl/

• verb T • to send someone a statement of what is owed • Some places will bill you, but at others you

have to pay right away.

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C• LAW (politics & government)

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C• LAW (politics & government) • a formal statement of a planned new law that

is discussed by a government or legislature before being voted on

Bill /bɪl/

• noun C• LAW (politics & government) • a formal statement of a planned new law that

is discussed by a government or legislature before being voted on

• After a bill is passed by both houses of Congress, it becomes law when the president signs it.

cage /keɪdʒ/

cage /keɪdʒ/

cage /keɪdʒ/

• noun C

cage /keɪdʒ/

• noun C • a structure shaped like a box but with bars or

wires as its sides,

cage /keɪdʒ/

• noun C • a structure shaped like a box but with bars or

wires as its sides, • for keeping pets or for housing animals The

lab was stocked with wire cages for mice.

cassette /kəˈset/

cassette /kəˈset/

• noun C

cassette /kəˈset/

• noun C • a flat, rectangular device containing a very

long strip of magnetic material that is used to record sound or pictures; an audiocassette or videocassette

cassette /kəˈset/



• He listens to cassettes, CDs, even vinyl records.

cassette /kəˈset/



• He listens to cassettes, CDs, even vinyl records. • Insert the cassette and press play.

cassette player

old new

cassette player

• noun C

cassette player

• noun C • a device used for listening to recorded music

that has been replaced mainly by the CD

copy ˈkɑp·i

copy ˈkɑp·i

• verb T

copy ˈkɑp·i

• verb T • to produce something that is exactly like

another thing, or to do something meant to be like someone or something else The design was copied from a 19th-century wallpaper.

copy ˈkɑp·i

• verb T • to produce something that is exactly like

another thing, or to do something meant to be like someone or something else The design was copied from a 19th-century wallpaper.

• He copied the file onto a diskette.

copy /ˈkɑp·i/

copy /ˈkɑp·i/

• noun C

copy /ˈkɑp·i/

• noun C • 1 - always keep copies of letters I have written. • Please make two copies of this.

copy /ˈkɑp·i/

• noun C • 1 - always keep copies of letters I have written. • Please make two copies of this. • 2- A copy is also a single unit of something

produced in large numbers, usually for sale:

copy /ˈkɑp·i/


produced in large numbers, usually for sale:• I had a copy of her latest CD somewhere.

copy /ˈkɑp·i/


produced in large numbers, usually for sale:• I had a copy of her latest CD somewhere. • We ordered ten copies of the book.

decide /dɪˈsɑɪd/


• verb


• verb • 1- to choose between one possibility or

another : T I decided I would try it.


• verb • + to do something: In the end, we decided to

go to the theater. • + question word: We’re trying to decide how

to proceed. • + ( that ) clause: He decided (that) it was his

business.


• verb • 2- If something decides a result in a

competition, it causes that result: • T A mistake by our team decided the game

against us.


• verb • 3- A deciding factor is something so important

that it forces a particular decision: • The deciding factor in choosing this school was

that it was far from home.


• If someone is deciding a time or an amount, especially an exact date or price, the verbs fix and set are often used.

• The price has been set/fixed at $10. • Have you set/fixed a date for the wedding?


• If someone makes a final and certain decision about a plan, date, etc., the verb finalize is sometimes used.

• We've chosen a venue for the wedding, but we haven't finalized the details yet.


• The verb settle and the phrasal verb settle on/upon are also often used when someone is making a final decision.

• Have you settled on a place to live yet? • OK then, we're going to Spain. That's settled .


• To resolve to do something, is to decide definitely that you will do it.

• Emma weighed herself and resolved to lose some weight.


• The expression make up your mind is often used to mean "to decide."

• I like them both – I just can't make up my mind which one to pick.

• Have you made up your mind whether you're going?


• If someone is unable to decide between two choices, in informal situations you can use the expression be torn between something and something else.

• I'm torn between the fish and the beef.

decided /dɪˈsɑɪd·əd/

• adjective • clear; certain • There’s been a decided improvement in

subway service.

decidedly /dɪˈsɑɪd·əd·li/

• adverb • He was decidedly careful about what he told

me.

decision /dɪˈsɪʒ·ən/

• noun C • something you choose; a choice • The board will make its decision shortly. • + to do something • Their decision not to attend the party puzzled

everyone.

decisive /dɪˈsɑɪ·sɪv/

• adjective • 1 making choices quickly and surely, without

having any doubts• In an emergency, decisive action is called for. • 2 Decisive also means without doubt or

question, and of the greatest importance: DNA test results were decisive in proving his innocence.

decisively /dɪˈsɑɪ·sɪv·li/

• adverb • We had to act quickly and decisively to put out

the fire.

decision-making

• noun U • the process of making choices, esp. important

choices • She plays no part in the daily decision-making. • The bank gave decision-making authority to

individual businesses.

Do right

• Do sth correctly• If you do the exercises right , I will give a good

mark.

Give back

• = return( ed ) • Pt: gave back • PP: given back• Can I borrow your English book? I’ll give it

back in two days.

Keep /kiːp/

• verb T• past kept • to continue doing something without

stopping, or to do it repeatedly • I keep thinking I’ve seen her somewhere

before.

Language lab

Language lab

Language lab

• A room in which you can listen to languages with special tools.

mistake /məˈsteɪk/

• noun C • 1- an action or decision that is wrong or produces

a result that is not correct or not intended • We all make mistakes. • + to do something: It was a mistake to come to

this restaurant without a reservation. • 2- By mistake means unintentionally: • I’m sorry – I must have dialed your number by

mistake.

mistake /məˈsteɪk/

• verb T • Pt: mistook , PP:mistaken • to be wrong about or fail to recognize

something or someone • T always + adv/prep I called Karen and mistook

her mother for her • I thought I was speaking to Karen when I was

speaking to her mother .

mistaken /məˈsteɪ·kən/

• adjective not gradable • wrong • I was mistaken about how much it would cost. • .

mistakenly /məˈsteɪ·kən·li/

• adverb • Teens mistakenly believe that once they have a

tan, their skin is protected against sunburn

mistake

• Be careful not to use the verb do with the

noun mistake . The correct verb is make . • I never make mistakes in my essays.

fault or mistake/error ?

• Use fault when explaining who is responsible for something bad.

• It's my fault that the car was stolen. I left the window open.

fault or mistake/error ?

• Use mistake or error for talking about something you did or thought that was wrong. Error is slightly more formal than mistake .

• I still make lots of mistakes in my essays. • We lost a week's work due to a computer

error.

mistake

• A common alternative is the noun error . • He admitted that he'd made an error . • The letter contained a number of typing errors

mathematics /ˌmæθ·əˈmæ ·ɪks, mæt � θˈmæt/

• - short form math /mæθ/ • noun U • the science of numbers, forms, amounts, and

their relationships

mathematical ˌmæθ·ə·ˈmæ ·ɪ·kəl, mæt � θˈmæt

�- adjective not gradable • a mathematical formula

mathematician /ˌmæθ·ə·məˈtɪʃ·ən/

• - noun C • a person skilled in mathematics

motorcycle /ˈmoʊ ·ərˌsɑɪ·kəl/ t �

motorcycle /ˈmoʊ ·ərˌsɑɪ·kəl/ t �

• noun C • a two-wheeled vehicle powered by an engine

passage /ˈpæs·ɪdʒ/

• noun C • a short piece of writing or music that is part of

a larger piece • a short passage about studying english .

pick up (something/someone)

• phrasal verb M • to lift something or someone • He picked his briefcase up and headed for the

door. • She picked up the little boy and kissed him.

reward /rɪˈwɔːrd/


• noun C/U • 1 something given in exchange for a useful idea, good

behavior, excellent work, etc. U Students hoped for more reward than an announcement in the school paper of their achievement.

• C The rewards benefits of motherhood outweigh the difficulties.

• 2 A reward is also an amount of money given to someone who gives information about a crime to the police or who helps to return lost or stolen property to its owner.


• verb T • He was rewarded for his bravery with a medal

from the president.

rewarding /rɪˈwɔːrd·ɪŋ/

• adjective • satisfying or beneficial • a rewarding experience

Run out of

• phrasal verb = finish• to use something completely so that nothing

is left • He just ran out of ideas. • Time is running out There is only a little time

left .

slice

slice /slɑɪs/

• noun C • 1- a flat, often thin piece of food that has been

cut from a larger piece:• a slice of bread/cake/pizza

slice /slɑɪs/

• noun C • 2- figurative A slice is also any small part that

has been separated from something larger: She demanded a slice of the profits.

slice /slɑɪs/

• noun C • 3- If you describe a story as a slice of life , you

mean that it shows ordinary details of the lives of the people mentioned: The drama is a slice of life about Puerto Ricans living in the Bronx.

slice /slɑɪs/

• verb T • to cut something into thin pieces, or to cut

one or more thin pieces from something • Slice the onions and fry them in butter.

sugar /ˈʃʊg·ər/

sugar /ˈʃʊg·ər/

• noun U• biology • a sweet substance obtained esp. from

particular plants and used to make food and drinks sweet

take apart

take apart

• something phrasal verb M • to separate the parts of something so that

they are not together• I like to take things apart to see how they

work.

tape /teɪp/

tape /teɪp/

• noun C/U • RECORDING MATERIAL: a long, narrow strip of

plastic or thin metal used to record and play sound or sound and pictures; a cassette or videotape C

• Did you make a tape of Tyler’s concert? • U Is that movie available on tape yet?

tape /teɪp/

• verb T • This song was taped recorded live in concert.

tape /teɪp/

tape /teɪp/

• noun U • STICKY MATERIAL :a long, narrow strip of

plastic, cloth, or paper that is sticky on one side and is used to attach things masking/duct tape

• packing/electrical tape • trademark Scotch tape

tape /teɪp/

• verb T • I taped a note on her door. He taped the pages

back together.

Unhappy/ʌnˈhæp·i/

• adjective • NOT PLEASED: not feeling pleasure or

satisfaction • It was an unhappy time of her life. • They were unhappy about their hotel room did

not like it and asked to be moved. • unhappiness /ʌnˈhæp·iː·nəs/ • noun U

upset /ʌpˈset/

• adjective • Mom gets really upset if we don’t call and tell

her where we are. • She was very upset about losing her wallet.

upset /ʌpˈset/

• verb T • upsetting , past upset • to make someone worried, unhappy, or angry

The governor’s veto upset a lot of people.

upsetting /ʌpˈse ·ɪŋ/ t �

• adjective • an upsetting remark

Which one?

• Sad and miserable mean the same as "unhappy." • I felt so sad after he left. • I just woke up feeling miserable . • If someone is upset , that person is unhappy

because something bad has happened. • They'd had an argument and she was still upset

about it. • Mike got very upset when I told him the news.

find out (something)

• phrasal verb M: past found • to obtain knowledge of something, or to obtain

knowledge of someone's activities, esp. dishonest ones How did you find out about the party?

• I just found out that he was cheating on the test.

• He wondered whether his boss was involved, but he saw no way of finding that out.

know or find out ?

• If you know something, you already have the information.

• Andy knows what time the train leaves. • Her parents already know about the problem. • If you find something out , you learn new information

for the first time. • I'll check on the Internet to find out what time the

train leaves. • I'll check on the Internet to know what time the train

leaves.

While /hwɑɪl, wɑɪl/

• noun U • a length of time: He only had to wait a short while. • It was a while before any waiter took their order. • That happened a while ago did not happen

recently . • I haven’t seen him for a while a long time . • She’s getting dressed, and she’ll be ready in just a

little while soon .

while /hwɑɪl, wɑɪl/

• conjunction • during the time that, or at the same time as• I read it while you were drying your hair. • "I’m going to the post office." "While you’re

there can you get me some stamps?"

While/hwɑɪl, wɑɪl/

• conjunction • despite the fact that; although • While I know he’s not perfect, I do like him.

while /hwɑɪl, wɑɪl/

• conjunction • compared with the fact that; but • Tom is very outgoing, while Ken’s shy and

quiet.

Get cold

• شدن سرد• Put on your coat, it may get cold.

polite /pəˈlɑɪt/

• adjective • behaving in a way that is socially correct and

shows respect for other people’s feelings• She was too polite to point out my mistake.

politely /pəˈlɑɪt·li/

• . • adverb • He politely asked them to leave.

politeness /pəˈlɑɪt·nəs/

• noun U • With unfailing politeness he answered their

questions.

puzzle /ˈpʌz·əl/

• noun C • 1- something that is difficult to understand

Their son is a puzzle to them. • The police are trying to solve the puzzle of who

sent them the letter.


• noun C • 2- A puzzle is also a game or toy in which you

have to fit separate pieces together, or a problem or question which you have to answer by using your skill or knowledge:

• a jigsaw/crossword puzzle


• verb I/T • T It puzzles me why she said that. • I always + adv/prep • We puzzled over what it meant.

puzzled /ˈpʌz·əld/

• adjective • She looked puzzled, then suspicious.

request /rɪˈkwest/

• noun C/U • an act of asking for something, or the thing

asked for • C: The library gets a lot of requests for books

about new babies. • U: An application will be sent to you upon

request if you ask .

request /rɪˈkwest/

• verb T • + that clause • The caller requested that his name not be

mentioned on the air.

require or request?

• The main meaning of require is "need." • Learning a language requires time and effort. • Request means "ask for." • I wrote a letter to request more information.

unusual /ʌnˈjuː·ʒə·wəl/

• adjective • different from what is usual or expected • I was actually on time, which is unusual for

me.

unusually /ʌnˈju·ʒə·wə·li/

• adverb not gradable • in a way or to a degree that is different from

what is usual or expected • We had unusually warm weather in December. • There is no evidence of unusually high rates of

disease.

Would you mind…….?

• We use this for requesting politely.• Would you mind closing the door? It’s a little

cold here.• Would you mind not talking so loudly ? I want

to study.

You’re welcome.

• We use it when somebody thanks us.• “Thank you so much”• “ You’re welcome.”

Education

English book 2