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Made by: Deepanshu KapoorProject Guide: Dr. Tanuja
Nautiyal
Man is one of the species who inhabit the earth . he is the only one who has interfered with various natural processes for use of both biological & physical resources to meet his multiple demands, man has polluted all the – lithosphere , hydrosphere & atmosphere. it is essential for us e realms of to know about environment & its pollution.
•Primary & secondary pollutants
•Acid rain
•Ozone depletion
•Green house effect
•Noise pollution
That which surrounds, the total sum of the
condition of the surroundings within which an organism, or group, or an object,exists(including the natural as modified by human activity & the artificial).
Our current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-
Name of sphere or layer
Height in Kms.
Temperature
ImportantChemical Species (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,
H2
Stratosphere
8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2
Mesosphere 50-80
-2 to -90 N2+O2
Ionosphere 80-400
O2,O+,NO+
Exosphere 400-1600
H2,He
Source Pollution
Transportation
42%
Fuel 21%
Industries 14%
Solid waste disposal
05%
Other 18%
42%
21%
Transportation
Fuel
Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc.
Industries
waste Other
21%
14%
05%
18%
Different Pollutants1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of
nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene,
ether.3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3
4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.
5. Fluorides6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear
reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.9. Noise waste
Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO2+O2 2SO3
2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.
Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants
Factory
Volcano
NO2,SO3,HNO3, H2SO4,H2O2,O3, PANs,MostNO3
-- & SO4-
2
CO,CO2,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM
Solar radiation
CAUSES
Environmental challenges
Green house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace.
Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems.
Environmental challengesPhotochemical smog: In 1952 London was
covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people.
Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.
Acid Rain
SO2 & NOX
+water
SEASeaLakeFactories,
Transportation
Solar Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
A
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Ozone
EarthEarth
Carbon Dioxide
50%
Methane 18%
Chlorofluorocarbons
14%
Ozone 12%
Nitrous oxide
06%
Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space.
This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat
Contribution of different gases to cause green house effect
The real greenhouse
Ultraviolet rays from Sun
The Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV rays
Chlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone
The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule.
chlorine
ozone
More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
Oxygen
Whole in Ozone layer
Noise pollution This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because
heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
. Noise produces following health problems- 1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances
Space vehicle launch
Loudspeaker
Jet take off
Very High above than
100db
Loud Conversation
Heavy Traffic
High Approximate 80db
Quit Conversation
Ticking Clock
Pleasant below than 80dB
Quit RainingSports car
18
Water PollutionBased on current water quality
standards, over 70 percent of our rivers, 68 percent of our estuaries and 60 percent of our lakes now meet legislatively mandated goals.
Some of the risks include pollutant runoff from agricultural lands stormwater flows from citiesAbout 40,000 times each year, sanitary
sewers overflow and release raw sewage to streets and waterbodies.
19
Water Pollutionseepage into ground water from nonpoint
sourcesthe loss of habitats such as wetlands. we cannot always eat what we catch because
fish flesh is contaminated by the remaining discharges and sources of toxic substances.
Microbial contamination of drinking water still presents problems in many communities.
16%
36%21%
27%Good Quality
Moderate Quality
Serious Problems
Insufficent Data
The Environmental Protection Agency found that 40% of The Environmental Protection Agency found that 40% of the nation’s assessed waterways remain too polluted for the nation’s assessed waterways remain too polluted for
fishing and swimming. Over 290,000 miles of 840,000 fishing and swimming. Over 290,000 miles of 840,000 miles of assessed rivers and streams do not meet water miles of assessed rivers and streams do not meet water quality standards. Nearly half of all lakes, reservoirs, quality standards. Nearly half of all lakes, reservoirs,
and ponds assessed half of them are polluted. and ponds assessed half of them are polluted.
2021,127
13,739
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Each
BomberBatteries
ExideBatteries
Tires
Solid Waste
Bomber Batteries
Exide Batteries
Tires
If your habits are like other Americans,If your habits are like other Americans, you generate about 4 pounds of solid trash per day. you generate about 4 pounds of solid trash per day.
Americans are generating waste products faster than nature Americans are generating waste products faster than nature can break them down and using up resources faster than they can break them down and using up resources faster than they
can be replaced. can be replaced.
SOLID WASTE
265,526
191,930
60,963
7,770
117,870
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Pounds
Solid Waste
Newspaper
Magazines
Telephone books
Co-Mixed
Office paper
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO?
What What can we can we
do?do?
Water SolutionsWater Solutions•Keep lakes cleanKeep lakes clean
•Take your used motor oil to a drop off placeTake your used motor oil to a drop off place•Use latex paint instead of oil and rinse your Use latex paint instead of oil and rinse your
brushesbrushes in the sink rather than the yardin the sink rather than the yard
•Fill a spray bottle with soapy water instead Fill a spray bottle with soapy water instead of bug sprayof bug spray
•Plant trees to prevent soil erosionPlant trees to prevent soil erosion•Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass
clippings out clippings out of gutters and storm drains.of gutters and storm drains.
Air PollutionAir PollutionSolutionsSolutions
Air PollutionAir PollutionSolutionsSolutions
Encourage your family to walk more
Take the school bus
Reduce the amount of spray bottles
Do not burn leaves in your yard- put them in a compost
Keep your family cars in tune
Put catalytic converters on cars
Share your room with others when the air conditioner is on
Take care of your trees
Solid WasteSolid WasteSolutionsSolutions
Carry your own bag with you when you go shopping
Say no to all plastic bags as often as possible
Reduce the use of paper bags alsoDig a compost pit in your garden and
put all the biodegradables in itWhen you go out do not throw paper
and other wrappings or even leftover food here and there-put it in the garbage.
ReduceReduce
ReuseReuseRecycleRecycle
3 R’s
We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural & acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.
As it has been said-
we do not inherit the environment from our forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:
The protection & improvement of human environment is a major issue which affects the well being of people & economic development throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment for the benefit of all people & their prosperity
MADE BY:DEEPANSHU
KAPOOR