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ERIKSON’S PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY The developmental changes throughout the
human life span. Eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique
developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis, which is a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential that must be resolved.
Erikson’s Stages Developmental Period
Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy (first year)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddler (2 to 3 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority School age (elementary school years, 6 years to puberty)
Identity vs. Identity Confusion Adolescence (10 to 20 years)
Intimacy vs. Isolation Early adulthood (20s, 30s)
Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood (40s, 50s)
Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood (60s onward)
TRUST VS. MISTRUST Erikson’s first psychological stage experienced in the first year a sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort
and a minimal amount of fear and apprehension about the future.
Trust in infancy sets the stage of a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live.
© GETTY IMAGES
TRUST VS. MISTRUST CONT. Life stage Infancy
Relationship Mother
Issues feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping
Basic virtue and second named strength
Hope and Drive
Maladaptation
Sensory Distortion
Malignancy Withdrawal
© Rick Gomez/CORBIS
© H. Armstrong/GETTY IMAGES
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT Erikson’s second psychological stage occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 to 3 years) infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own. start to assert their sense of independences, or autonomy. realizing their will. If infants are restrained too much or punished too harshly,
they are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubt.
AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT CONT.Life Stage Toddler
Relationship Parents
Issues Bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking
Basic virtue and second named strength
Willpower and Self-Control
Maladaption Impulsivity
Malignancy Compulsion © Eric Hogan/GETTY IMAGES
© GETTY IMAGES
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT Erikson’s third stage of development Preschool years As preschool children encounter a widening social world,
they are challenged more than they were infants. Children are asked to assume responsibility for their bodies,
behaviors, toys, and pets. Developing a sense of responsibility increases initiative. Uncomfortable guilt feelings may arise if the child is
irresponsible Erikson believes that most guilt is quickly compensated for
by a sense of accomplishment.
INITIATIVE VS. GUILT CONT.Life Stage Preschool
Relationship Family
Issues Exploration and discovery, adventure and play
Basic virtueand second named strength
Purpose and Direction
Maladaption Ruthlessness
Malignancy Inhibition© CSIU
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY Erikson’s fourth developmental stage Occurs approximately in the elementary years Children’s initiative brings them in contact with a wealth of
new experiences. As they move into middle and late childhood, they direct
their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills.
Children then become more enthusiastic about learning than at the end of early childhood’s period of expansive imagination.
Children can also develop a sense of inferiority, which they would feel incompetent and unproductive.
INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY CONT.Life Stage School age
Relationship School, teachers, friends, neighborhood
Issues Achievement and accomplishment
Basic virtue and second named strength
Competence and Method
Maladaption Narrow Virtuosity
Malignancy Inertia
© GETTY IMAGES
IDENTITY VS. IDENTITY CONFUSION Erikson’s fifth developmental stage Individual experience during the adolescent years. Faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about,
and where they are going in life. confronted with many new roles and adult statuses –
vocational and romantic, for example. Parents need to allow adolescents to explore many different
roles and different paths within a particular role.• If the adolescent explores such roles in a healthy manner and
arrives at a positive path to follow in life, then a positive identity will be achieved.
• If an identity is pushed on the adolescent by parents, if the adolescent does not adequately explore many roles, and if a positive future path is not defined, then identity confusion reign.
IDENTITY VS. IDENTITY CONFUSION CONT. Life Stage Adolescence
Relationship Peers, groups, influences
Issues Resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up
Basic virtue and second named strength
Fidelity and Devotion
Maladaption Fanaticism
Malignancy Repudiation© GETTY IMAGES
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION Erikson’s sixth developmental stage Individuals experience during the early adulthood years Face the developmental task of forming intimate relationship
with others Erikson describes intimacy as finding oneself yet losing
oneself in another For example, if the young adult forms healthy friendships
and an intimate relationship with another individual, intimate will be achieved; if not, isolation will result.
INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION CONT.Life Stage Early adulthood
Relationship
Lovers, friends, work connections
Issues Intimate relationships, works and social life
Basic virtue and second named strength
Love and Affiliation
Maladaption
Pomiscuity
Malignancy Exclusivity
© Geepie/ PHOTOBUCKET
© GETTY IMAGES
GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION Erikson’s seventh developmental stage Individuals experience during middle
adulthood A chief concern is to assist the younger
generation in developing and leading useful lives – this is what Erikson means by generativity.
The feeling of done nothing to the next generation is stagnation.
GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION CONT.Life Stage Middle adulthood
Relationship Children, community
Issues ‘giving back’, helping, contributing
Basic virtue and second named strength
Care and Production
Maladaption Overextension
Malignancy Rejectivity
© Annie Lennox / HIV FOUNDATION
© GETTY IMAGES
INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR Erikson’s eighth and final developmental stage Individuals experience in late adulthood During this stage, a person reflects on the past and either
pieces together a positive review or concludes that life has not been spent well.
For example, the older person may have developed a positive outlook in most or all of the previous stages of development. If so, the retrospective glances will reveal a picture of a life well spent, and the person will feel a sense of satisfaction – integrity will be achieved. If the older adult resolved many of the earlier stages negatively, the retrospective glances likely will yield doubt or gloom – the despair Erikson described.
INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR CONT. Life Stage Late adulthood
Relationship Society, the world, life
Issues Meaning and purpose, life achievements
Basic virtue and second named strength
Wisdom and Renunciation
Maladaption Presumption
Malignancy Disdain© GETTY IMAGES
© GETTY IMAGES
BIBLIOGRAPHYSantrock, John W.. "Images of Life-Span Development". Life-Span Development.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
"Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory". Businessballs. 02 December 2009 <http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm>.
"Erikson's Psychosocial Stages Summary Chart". About. 04 December 2009 <http://psychology.about.com/library/bl_psychosocial_summary.htm>.