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Edi Brata, S.Pd.Edi Brata, S.Pd.Mathla’ul Anwar UniversityMathla’ul Anwar University
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What is Unity?Unity means single idea. In other words, unity in writing is the connection all ideas to a single topic. In an essay all ideas should relate to the thesis statement, and the supporting ideas in a main body paragraph should relate to the topic sentence. For example, if your essay is about the advantages of nuclear power, discuss only that. Do not discuss about the disadvantages.
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Keeping Unity in an Essay
One way to keep unity in an essay is to edit the outline for ideas that are not relevant to the thesis statement or topic sentence. Also, after you have written the essay, it is helpful to review the text and look for ideas that do not relate to the thesis statement or the topic sentence.
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What is Coherence?Coherence is related to unity. Ideas that are arranged in a clear and logical way are coherent. The purpose of coherence is to make the readers can easily understand the main points.
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How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
When organising your ideas, think about what type of organisation is the best for your topic or essay type. Here are some examples of types of writing and good ways to organise them
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Type of Writing Type of Organisation
Chronology Order by time or order of events/ steps
Description Order by position, size, and shape of things
Classification Group of ideas and explain them in a logical order
Comparison/ Contrast Organise in point-by-point or block style
Argumentation/ persuasion/ cause effect
Order from least important to most important
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive DevicesCohesive devices are words and phrases that connect sentences and paragraphs together, creating a smooth flow of ideas. Here are three kinds of cohesive devices that can be used:1.transition signals2.pronoun references3.repetion of key noun
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How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)Transition signals can be categorized into three groups by grammatical function. The three groups are:a.sentence connectors (including transition phrases and conjunctive adverbs) , b.clause connectors (including coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions), and c.mixed group called others.
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How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
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Meaning/ Function
Sentence Connectors
Clause Connectors Others (Adjectives, Verbs, and Prepositions)Coordinators Subordinators
To introduce similar additional idea
alsobesidesfurthermorein additionmoreovertoo
andnor(“and not)
anotheran additional
To compare things alsolikewisesimilarlytoo
andboth ... andnot only ... but alsoneither ... nor
asjust as
as ... aslike/ alikejust likesimilar tobe alikebe similar
To introduce an opposite idea, and to contrast things
howeverin contrastinsteadin/ by comparisonneverthelessnonethelesson the other handon the contrarystill
butyet
althougheven thoughthoughwhereaswhile
despitein spite ofcompared to/ withbe different (from)be dissimilarbe unlikediffer (from)
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
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Meaning/ Function
Sentence Connectors
Clause Connectors Others (Adjectives, Verbs, and Prepositions)Coordinators Subordinators
To introduce an example
for examplefor instance
such asan example of
To emphasize in fact
To explain and restate
indeedthat is
To introduce an alternative
otherwise or ifunless
To signal chronological order
first, second, etc.first of allthen, nextnow, then, soonlast finallymeanwhilegraduallyafter thatsince then
afterasas soon asbeforesinceuntilwhenwhile
the first, the secondthe next, the last, the finalbefore lunchafter the warsince ....in the year ...
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
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Meaning/ Function
Sentence Connectors
Clause Connectors Others (Adjectives, Verbs, and Prepositions)Coordinators Subordinators
To indicate order of importance
above allfirst and foremostmore/ most importantly/ significantlyprimarily
a more importantthe most importantthe second most significantthe primaily
To introduce a cause or reason
for becausesinceas
result frombe the result ofdue tobecause ofthe effect ofthe consequence ofas a result ofas a consequence of
To introduce an effect or result
accordinglyas a resultas a consequenceconsequentlyhence, thustherefore
So result incausehave an effect onaffectthe cause ofthe reason for
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
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Meaning/ Function
Sentence Connectors
Clause Connectors Others (Adjectives, Verbs, and Prepositions)Coordinators Subordinators
To conclude all in all,in brief,in conclusion,in short,in summary,indeed,
It is clear that ...We can see that ...The evidence suggets that ...These examples show that ...
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Pronoun References)
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Two sentences can be connected by the use of pronoun. A pronoun (he, she, it, they, etc.) takes the place of a noun (a person, place, thing, or idea) or noun phrase (several words that refer to a person, place, thing, or idea). Example:Gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental puposes.
The pronoun it refers back to the subject, Gold, and connects the two sentence together.
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)
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Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by repeating important words and phrases. This will help the reader remember the main ideas in the text.Example:Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient with a cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor will give the patient a medicine to stop the cough. If the patient also has a fever, the doctor may give a different medicine to stop the fever. For every person with a cough, the doctor will probably recommend the same cough medicine. The philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems like coughing and fever as quickly as possible.
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)
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Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by repeating important words and phrases. This will help the reader remember the main ideas in the text.Example:Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient with a cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor will give the patient a medicine to stop the cough. If the patient also has a fever, the doctor may give a different medicine to stop the fever. For every person with a cough, the doctor will probably recommend the same cough medicine. The philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems like coughing and fever as quickly as possible.
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)
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Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by repeating important words and phrases. This will help the reader remember the main ideas in the text.Example:Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient with a cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor will give the patient a medicine to stop the cough. If the patient also has a fever, the doctor may give a different medicine to stop the fever. For every person with a cough, the doctor will probably recommend the same cough medicine. The philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems like coughing and fever as quickly as possible.
How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
Exercise
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Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:83, 84, 85
References:
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1. Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 1998. Writing Academic English. New York: Longman. (Page: 40-50)
2. Zemach, Dorothy E and Rumisek Lisa A. 2003. Academic Writing form Paragraph to Essay. Macmillan. (Page: 78-86)
Many of the materials are directly quoted.
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