How to do Footnote referencingJackie Hanes, Learning & Teaching Services Librarian

Intended learning outcomes• Find the University footnote referencing guide;

• Understand a footnote / bibliography referencing style;

• Reference common academic sources of information:– Books, chapters, articles, newspapers and the internet– For both footnotes and bibliography

• Include pages numbers for direct quotations;

• Use short forms and ibids for subsequent citation

Plagiarism

•Failure to reference may result in plagiarism;

•Plagiarism is passing off work as your own;

•Plagiarism can be considered to be cheating;

•University has rules and penalties for plagiarism;

•Always reference your sources!

Don’t Cheat Yourself (Plagiarism Tutorial)

Which reference is correct?

A. Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

B. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite them right: the essential referencing guide 9th edn, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

C. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right: The Essential Referencing Guide (9th edn, Palgrave Macmillan 2013).

Footnote referencing guide

•New referencing style created for the University of Leicester;

•Consistent approach to referencing across the departments;

•Available via the How To Reference section of the library website.

Footnote referencing style

•References are indicated by a superscript number (1, 2, 3) within the text, normally at the end of the sentence.1

•The references are given in a corresponding footnote at the bottom (foot) of the page.2

1. Superscript numbers are smaller and set above the normal text.

2. Compare to endnotes: references given at the end of a document.

How to insert footnotes in Word

• Insert superscript numbers (1, 2, 3) into your text– Word > References tab > Insert Footnote.

•Add your reference to the footnote.

•Close your footnote with a full stop.

Bibliography

•A list of references referred to in your footnotes;

•Referencing guide does not cover bibliographies;

•Refer to your department’s own guidance.

•Divide bibliography by resource type:– Books, chapters, articles, internet etc

• List references A-Z by author’s surname:– Reverse author’s name in bibliography

Quotations

•Referencing guide does not cover quotations;

•Refer to your department’s own guidance.

•Short quotations (up to 40 words), can be incorporated into the text, within 'single quotation marks‘;

•Longer quotations (more than 40 words), can be presented in an indented paragraph, without quotation marks.

Page numbers

•Page numbers can be included at the end of the footnote, for both direct (quotations) or indirect (paraphrasing) quotations;– p. and page number for a single page– pp. and page numbers for more than one page

Subsequent citations

•Always reference material in full in the first citation;

•Subsequent citations can be shortened, and cross-referenced to the first (full) footnote;

•Commonly known as short forms and ibids.

Short forms and ibids

Ibid•An abbreviation for

ibidem, meaning ‘in the same place’;

•Repeat citation in immediately following footnote.

Short form•Author, Title•For other subsequent

citations, a short form can be given, including the author and a short title

Example footnotes

1. James F. O'Brien, The scientific Sherlock Holmes: cracking the case with science and forensics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

2. Nickianne Moody, ‘Crime in film and on TV’ in Martin Priestman (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 227-244.

3. Ibid.

4. James O'Brien, Scientific Sherlock Holmes.

5. Nickianne Moody, ‘Crime in film’.

Secondary referencing• Citing a book or article that you have read about, but not

read the original work;

• Best academic practice is to obtain the original material and cite it directly, otherwise:

• Secondary reference | (as cited in | primary reference)– Bernard Hibbitts, ‘The Technology of Law’ (2010) 102 Law

Libr J 101 (as cited in Graham Virgo, ‘Why Study Law: the Relevance of Legal Information’ (2011) 11 LIM 221, 225)

Author’s name

•Give authors’, editors’ (eds.) and translators’ (trans.) names as they appear on title page of original source;

• If there is no personal author, you may give a corporate author (organisation) if available.

Multiple authors

• If there are 1-3 authors, then give all names– Author 1, Author 2 and Author 3

• If there are 4 or more authors, then give only the first author’s name, followed by et al– Author 1 et al

BooksAuthor, Title of the Book, Edition (Place: Publisher, Year)

Footnote:

James F. O'Brien, The scientific Sherlock Holmes: cracking the case with science and forensics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

Short form:

James O'Brien, Scientific Sherlock Holmes.

Books (author and editor)Author, Title of the Book, Editor (ed), Edition (Place: Publisher, Year)

Footnote:

Arthur Conan Doyle, The new annotated Sherlock Holmes : the novels, Leslie S. Klinger (ed) (London: W.W. Norton, 2005).

Short form:

Arthur Conan Doyle, Annotated Sherlock Holmes

Book chaptersAuthor, ‘Title of the Chapter’ in Editor (ed), Title of the Book, Edition (Place: Publisher, Year), pp. Pages

Footnote:

Nickianne Moody, ‘Crime in film and on TV’ in Martin Priestman (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) pp. 227-244.

Short form:

Nickianne Moody, ‘Crime in film’

eBooks• If the online source is the same as the print equivalent

(e.g. layout and page numbers), then cite the online source as if it were the print source;

• For other online sources, follow the normal referencing rules, but replace the ‘place and publisher’ with the ‘web address and accessed date’:

Example• Author, Title of the Book, Edition, Year < www.xxx.com >

[accessed Date]

Journal articlesAuthor, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume, no. Issue (Year), pp. Pages

Footnote:

Ashley D Polasek, ‘Surveying the post-millennial Sherlock Holmes’, Adaptation: the journal of literature on screen studies, 6, no. 3 (2013), pp. 384-393.

Short form:

Ashley Polasek, ‘Post-millennial Sherlock Holmes’

Newspaper articles (print)Author, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Newspaper, Date, Section, p./pp. Page

Footnote:• Nick Utechin, ‘The immortal Sherlock’, The Times, 17

January 2004, S2, p. 2.

Short form:• Nick Utechin, ‘The immortal Sherlock’.

Newspaper articles (online)Author, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Newspaper, Date < web address > [accessed Date]

Footnote:

Jessica Glenza, ‘Sherlock lives in public domain’, The Guardian, 16 June 2004 < http://www.theguardian.com/ books/2014/jun/16/sherlock-public-domain-court-doyle-estate-copyright > [accessed 10 November 2015].

Short form:

Jessica Glenza, ‘Sherlock lives in public domain’.

Speed referencing exercise 1• There are 5 tables and 5 exercises, one per table.

• Divide yourselves equally among the tables– You may work in pairs or small groups

• You have 90 seconds to reference the item on the table – Write your answer on the worksheet provided

• After 90 seconds, rotate clockwise to the next table– Leave the referencing materials on the tables

• At end of exercise, you will receive an answer sheet

WebsitesAuthor, Title of Webpage < web address > [accessed Date]

Footnote:

• Sherlock Holmes Society of London, The Man with the Watches < http://www.sherlock-holmes.org.uk/the-man-with-the-watches > [accessed 12 November 2015].

Short form:• Sherlock Holmes Society, Man with the Watches

BlogsAuthor, ‘Title of Blog Post’, Title of Blog, Date < web address > [accessed Date]

Footnote:

Goddessinsepia, ‘Some Thoughts on the Dichotomy of Sherlock Holmes’, Better Holmes & Gardens, 30 March 2013 < http://betterholmesandgardens.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/ > [accessed 12 November 2015].

Short form:

Goddessinsepia, ‘Dichotomy of Sherlock Holmes’.,

You TubeAuthor, Title of Video, Date < web address > [accessed Date]

Footnote:

• Museum of London, Sir Ian McKellen on Sherlock Holmes, 15 October 2014 < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGDXnr8YXZg > [accessed 12 November 2015].

Short form:

• Museum of London, Sir Ian McKellen on Sherlock Holmes.

FilmsTitle of Film [film], dir. by Director (Distributor, Date)

Footnote:• Sherlock Holmes: a game of shadows [film], dir. by Guy

Ritchie (Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, 2012).

Short form: • Sherlock Holmes: a game of shadows

Television‘Title of Episode’, Title of Programme/Series [television programme] Broadcaster, Date.

Footnote:• ‘A Study in Pink’, Sherlock [television programme] BBC

One, 25 July 2010.

Short form:• ‘A Study in Pink’

ExhibitionsTitle of Exhibition [exhibition]. Venue, Location. Date(s).

Footnote:

Sherlock Holmes: The Man Who Never Lived And Will Never Die [exhibition]. Museum of London, London. 1 January – 12 April 2015.

Short form:

Sherlock Holmes: Man Who Never Lived

Works of artArtist, Title of Work [material type] (Date)

Footnote:• John Bernard Partridge, Arthur Conan Doyle [drawing]

(1926)

Short Form:• John Bernard Partridge, Arthur Conan Doyle

ImagesPhotographer, Title of Image [material type] (Date)

Footnote:• Sherlock Holmes Museum, Baker Street Street Sign

[image] (Date)

Short form:• Sherlock Holmes Museum, Baker Street Street Sign

Speed referencing exercise 2• There are 5 tables and 5 exercises, one per table.

• Divide yourselves equally among the tables– You may work in pairs or small groups

• You have 90 seconds to reference the item on the table – Write your answer on the worksheet provided

• After 90 seconds, rotate clockwise to the next table– Leave the referencing materials on the tables

• At end of exercise, you will receive an answer sheet

What is missing?

•There are further examples of different types of material in the Footnote referencing guide;

•Are there any types of material that you’d like to reference that we’ve not covered in this session?

Questions and contacts

• Jackie Hanes•Subject Librarian• librarians@le.ac.uk• 0116 252 2055•Book a Librarian