Fp601 chapter 4

CHAPTER 4Basic Accounting

Prepared by:

Mdm Tan Phei Yee

Perakaunan

• Satu proses menyediakan maklumat mengenai kedudukan kewangan dan hasil kendalian sesebuah entiti untuk membantu pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan membuat keputusan.

Andaian yang digunakan dalam Akaun• 1.Andaian Entiti Berasingan• Menurut andaian ini, setiap perniagaan hendaklah

diakaunkan secara berasingan dan terpisah dari pemiliknya dan dari entiti-entiti yang lain.

• • 2. Andaian Usaha Berterusan• Menurut andaian ini, sesebuah perniagaan akan terus

beroperasi pada masa-masa akan datang, dan tidak mempunyai rancangan untuk dibubarkan.

• • 3. Andaian Wang Sebagai Unit Ukuran• Menurut andaian ini, semua keputusan kewangan

sesebuah entiti akan diukur dalam unit kewangan. Nilai ringgit dan sen diandaikan sentiasa dalam keadaan yang stabil.

Sambungan• 4. Andaian Ketekalan• Menurut andaian ini, penggunaan prinsip/kaedah perakaunan

tidak akan diubah dari satu tempoh ke satu tempoh yang lain. Andaian ini bertujuan agar prestasi operasi dan kedudukan kewangan perniagaan boleh dibandingkan antara satu tempoh dengan satu tempoh yang lain.

• • 5. Andaian Tempoh Perakaunan• Andaian ini menyatakan aktiviti perniagaan boleh dibahagikan

kepada tempoh-tempoh tertentu contohnya seperti sebulan, suku tahun atau setahun. Andaian ini membolehkan pengguna-pengguna penyata kewangan mengetahui prestasi operasi perniagaan dan kedudukan kewangan perniagaan sekurang-kurangnya sekali setahun.

Fasa Kitaran Perakaunan

A. Financial Accounting

B. The Double Entry System

C. Book of Original Entry

D. Trial Balance

E. Trading & Profit and Loss Account & Balance Sheet

F. Petty Cash Book and Imprest System

A. Financial Accounting

Definisi Perakaunan• Satu proses yang mengenalpasti, mengukur,

merekod dan menyampaikan maklumat ekonomi sesebuah entiti kepada pengguna bagi membantu mereka membuat penilaian atau keputusan ekonomi

B. The Double Entry System

• Bermula di Italy pada tahun 1200-1500M. Simpan kira yang berdasarkan sistem ini dikenali sebagai Kaedah Venice.

• Pada tahun 1494, Luca Pacioli, seorang ahli matematik dan rahib francisca berbangsa Italy, menerbitkan sebuah buku matematik yang dinamakan Summa De Arithmetica, Geometrica, Proportioni et Propotionalita

• Walaupun beliau menulis buku-buku matematik, beliau memahami kepentingan peraturan simpan kira bagi sstu perniagaan

• Memuatkan satu bhgn tentang simpan kira dalam buku tersebut

• Luca dikatakan telah membentuk asas perakaunan dan dikenali sebagai Bapa Perakaunan

Ciri-Ciri Akaun

(2)DEBIT (1)TAJUK AKAUN (3)KREDITTarikh Butir-butir Jumlah Tarikh Butir-butir FOL Jumlah

• Sebuah akaun juga dikenali sebagai Akaun T.

1.Tajuk akaun : nama bagi sesubuah akaun

2.Debit : merekod urusniaga ASET, LIABILITI & EKUITI PEMILIK

3. Kredit : Merekod urusniaga ASET, LIABILITI & ASET PEMILIK

4. Tarikh : catatan tarikh urusniaga

5. Butiran : jenis urusniaga

6. Jumlah : nilai wang sesuatu urusniaga

Sistem Catatan Bergu

• Simpan kira dalam perniagaan mempunyai kaedah-kaedah tertentu. Kaedah ini direka untuk membolehkan proses merekod dilakukan dengan teratur dan tepat.

Prinsip Catatan Bergu

• Asas prinsip ini adalah bahawa urusniaga yang berlaku akan di catatkan dalam satu set akaun yang mana terdapat akaun yang akan didebitkan dan akaun yang akan dikreditkan

Pihak yang menerima nilai = Pihak yang memberi nilai(DEBIT) (KREDIT)

Ringkasan prinsip asas catatan bergu:

Akaun Aset

Debit baki aset yang dimiliki Kredit aset yang dijual

& aset yang dibeli

Akaun Liabiliti

Debit liabiliti yang berkurang Kredit liabiliti yang

bertambah

Akaun Modal

Debit jika modal berkurang Kredit jika modal bertambah

Ambilan & rugi bersih spt untung bersih & modal

tambahan

Akaun Aset (Akaun Harta)

• Digunakan untuk merekod sumber ekonomi yang dimiliki oleh sebuah entiti perniagaan

• Terbahagi kepada:- Aset bukan semasa- Aset semasa

Aset harta benda yang dimiliki oleh pihak perniagaan bagi membantunya menjalankan urusniaga.

Akaun Liabiliti

• Digunakan untuk merekod jumlah hutang perniagaan kepada pihak luar

• Liabiliti boleh dibahagi kepada :- Liabiliti dalaman- Liabiliti luar (terbahagi kepada liabiliti bukan semasa & liabiliti semasa)

Liabiliti liabiliti ialah jumlah tanggungan atau hutang yang perlu dijelaskan atau dibayar balik oleh perniagaan.

Akaun Modal (Ekuiti Pemilik)

• Digunakan untuk merekod hutang perniagaan kepada pemilik perniagaan

• Ciri-ciri ekuiti pemilik bergantung kepada bentuk organisasi perniagaan- Milikan Tunggal- Perkongsian- Syarikat Berhad

Modal satu jumlah wang yang disumbangkan oleh pihak pemilik perniagaan bagi tujuan menjalankan urusniaga supaya memperolehi untung

Persamaan Akaun

• Apabila berlakunya urusniaga perniagaan aset, liabiliti & ekuiti pemilik boleh berubah tetapi persamaan perakaunan tidak akan berubah

• Perimbangan antara jumlah aset dengan jumlah liabiliti & ekuiti pemilik sentiasa dikekalkan walaupun kedudukan aset, liabiliti & ekuiti pemilik berubah

• Kesan urusniaga ke atas persamaan perakaunan boleh disebabkan oleh:a. Perubahan kepada asetb. Perubahan kepada liabilitic. Perubahan kepada ekuiti pemilik

Perbezaan Antara Akaun Nominal & Akaun Sebenar

Akaun Nominal Akaun Sebenar

Mewakili hasil & belanja Mewakili harta milikan syarikat seperti aset

Peraturan:-Debit semua perbelanjaan-Kredit semua hasil

Peraturan:-Debit nilai diterima-Kredit nilai yang diberi

Contoh:Bayar Sewa:--Debit akaun sewa dibayar-Kredit akaun tunai/bank

Contoh:Pelaburan:-Debit akaun Tunai/Bank-Kredit akaun aset

THE ASSET OF STOCK

Stock movements• Increase in stock. This can be due to one of two causes:

a) The purchase of additional goodsb) The return in to the business of goods previously sold. The reason for this are numerous. The goods may have been the wrong type, they may for example have been surplus requirements or faulty

To distinguish the two aspects of the increase of stocks of goods two accounts are opened:

i) A purchase account-in which purchases of goods are enteredii) A Returns inwards account-in which goods being returned in

to the business are entered (This is also known as the sales return returns account)

So, for increases in stock, we need to choose which of these two accounts to use to record the debit side of the transaction.

Decrease in stock• Ignoring things like wastage and theft, this can be due to one

of two causes:a) the sale of goodsb) Goods previously bought by the business now being returned to the supplier

Once again, in order to distinguish the two aspects of the decrease of stocks of goods, two accounts are opened

i) a Sales Account-in which sales of goods are enteredii) A returns outwards account- in which goods being returned

out to a supplier are entered (This is also known as the Returns Account)

• So, for decrease in stock, we need to choose which of these two accounts to use to record the credit side of the transaction.

• As stock is an asset, and these four accounts are all connected with this asset, the double entry rules are those used for assets

Purchase of stock on credit

On 1 August 2007, goods costing RM165 are bought on credit from D Henry. First, the twofold effect of the transaction must be considered so that the bookkeeping entries can be worked out

1 The asset of stock is increased. An increase in an asset needs a debit entry in an account. Here the account is one designed for this type of stock movement. It is clearly a purchase movement so that the account to use must be purchases account

2 There is an increase in a liability. This is the liability of the business to D Henry because the goods bought have not yet been paid for. An increase in a liability needs a credit entry. In this case, it would be a credit entry to D Henry’s AccountPurchases of stock on credit.doc

Purchases of stock for cash

• On 2 August 2007, goods costing RM22 are bought, cash being paid for them immediately.

1 As before, it is the asset of stock that is increased, so a debit entry will be needed. The movement of stock is that of a purchase, so the purchases account needs to be debited

2 The asset of cash is decreased. To reduced an asset a credit entry is called for and the asset is cash, so we need to credit the cash account

Purchases Of stock for cash.doc

Sales of stock on credit

• On 3 August 2007, goods were sold on credit for RM250 to J Lee

1 An asset account is increased. The increased in the asset of debtors requires a debit and the debtor is J Lee, So that the account concerned is that of J Lee

2 The asset of stock is decreased. For this a credit entry reduced an asset is needed. The movement of stock is clearly the result of a sale and so it is the sales account that needs to be credited

Sales of stock on credit.doc

Sales of stock for cash

• On 4 August 2007, goods are sold for RM55, cash being received immediately upon sale

1 The asset of cash is increases, so the cash account must be debited

2 The asset of stock is reduced. The reduction of an asset requires a credit and the movement of stock is represented by sales. Thus the entry needed is a credit in the sales account

Sales of stock for cash.doc

Returns inwards• On 5 August 2007, goods which had been previously sold to F

Lowe for 29 are now returned to the business. This could be for various reasons such as:

• We sent goods of the wrong size, the wrong colour or the wrong model

• The goods may have been damage in transit• The goods are of poor quality1 The asset of stock is increased by the goods returned. Thus a

debit representing increase of an asset is needed. This time, the movement of stock is that of the returns inwards. The entry required is a debit in the returns inwards account

2 There is a increases in an asset. The debt of F Lowe to the business is now reduced. A credit is needed in F Lowe’s account to record this

Returns inwards.doc

Returns Outwards

• On 6 August 2007, goods previously bought for RM96 returned by the business to K Howe

1 The liability of the business to K Howe is decreased by the value of the goods returned. The decrease in a liability needs a debit, this time in K Howe’s account

2 The asset of stock is decreased by the goods sent out. Thus, a credit representing a reduction in an asset is needed. The movement of stock is that of returns outwards so the entry will be credit in the returns outwards accountReturn Outwards.doc

Exercise 1

2009August 1 Bought goods on credit RM68 from D Small “ 2 Bought goods on credit RM77 from A Lyon & son“ 5 Sold goods on credit to D Hughes for RM60“ 6 Sold goods on credit to M Spencer for RM45“ 10 Returned goods RM15 to D Small“ 12 Goods bought for cash RM100“ 19 M Spencer returned RM16 goods to us“ 21 Goods sold for cash RM150“ 22 Paid cash to D Small RM53“ 30 D Hughes paid the amount owing by him RM60 in cash“ 31 Bought goods on credit RM64 from A Lyon & Son

SCHEMA

No Urus Niaga Akaun DiDebitkan

Akaun DiiKreditkan

1 Memulakan perniagaan dgn wang Tunai RM 15000 dimasukkan ke dlm Bank.

2 Belian alatan pejabat dgn cek.

3 Terima tunai ruang niaga yang disewakan.

4 Belian secara kredit dgn Ahmad.

5 Terima cek atas jualan tunai.

6 Pulangkan barang rosak kpd Ahmad.

7 Derma tunai kpd Rumah Kebajikan.

8 Mengeluarkan tunai drpd Bank untuk kegunaan perniagaan.

9 Jualan kredit kepada Abu

10 Bayar cek kpd Ahmad untuk menjelaskan hutang.

11 Mengambil mesin taip perniagaan untuk kegunaan sendiri

No Urus Niaga Akaun DiDebitkan

Akaun DiiKreditkan

1 Memulakan perniagaan dgn wang Tunai RM 15000 dimasukkan ke dlm Bank.

Bank Modal

2 Belian alatan pejabat dgn cek. Alatan Pejabat Bank

3 Terima tunai ruang niaga yang disewakan. Tunai Sewa Diterima

4 Belian secara kredit dgn Ahmad. Belian Ahmad (Pemiutang)

5 Terima cek atas jualan tunai. Bank Jualan

6 Pulangkan barang rosak kpd Ahmad. Ahmad (Pemiutang)

Pul Belian

7 Derma tunai kpd Rumah Kebajikan. Belanja Am Tunai

8 Mengeluarkan tunai drpd Bank untuk kegunaan perniagaan.

Tunai Bank

9 Jualan kredit kepada Abu Abu (Penghutang)

Jualan

10 Bayar cek kpd Ahmad untuk menjelaskan hutang. Ahmad Bank

11 Mengambil mesin taip perniagaan untuk kegunaan sendiri

Ambilan Alatan Pejabat

Exercise 2Jan 1 Tunai di tangan 3420

3 Belian tunai 820

6 Julan kredit kpd Perniagaan Sazah 2750

10 Bayar sewa dgn tunai 350

14 Beli alat tulis secara tunai 28

18 Jualan tunai 980

23 Belian tunai 410

26 Terima tunai drpd Perniagaan Sazah 1380

28 Ambilan tunai 250

30 Masukkan wang tunai ke bank 2000

Schema

C. Book of Original Entry

• The Journal• The Ledger

Book of original entry (General Ledger).

Transactions recorded in chronological order.

Contributions to the recording process:

1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.

2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.

3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit and credit amounts can be easily compared.

The JournalThe JournalThe JournalThe Journal

Journalizing - Entering transaction data in the journal.

JournalizingJournalizingJournalizingJournalizing

E2-4 (Facts) Presented below is information related to Hanshew Real Estate Agency.

Pete Hanshew begins business as a real estate agent with a cash investment of $15,000.

Oct. 1

Purchases office furniture for $1,900, on account.3

Sells a house and lot for B. Kidman; bills B. Kidman $3,200 for realty services provided.

6

Pays $700 on balance related to transaction of Oct. 3. 27

Pays the administrative assistant $2,500 salary for Oct.30

E2-5 Instructions - Journalize the transactions for E2-4.

Account Title Ref. Debit CreditOct. 1 Cash 15,000

Hanshew, Capital 15,000 (Owners investment)

Date


General Journal


Pete Hanshew begins business as a real estate agent with a cash investment of $15,000.

Oct. 1

Account Title Ref. Debit Credit

Oct. 3 Office Furniture 1,900 Accounts Payable 1,900

(Purchase furniture)

Date


General Journal


Purchases office furniture for $1,900, on account.Oct. 3


Oct. 6 Accounts Receivable 3,200 Service Revenue 3,200

(Realty services provided)

Date


General Journal


Sells a house and lot for B. Kidman; bills B. Kidman $3,200 for realty services provided.

Oct. 6


Oct. 27 Accounts Payable 700 Cash 700

(Payment on account)

Date


General Journal


Pays $700 on balance related to transaction of Oct. 3.Oct. 27


Oct. 30 Salary Expense 2,500 Cash 2,500

(Payment for salaries)

Date


General Journal


Pays the administrative assistant $2,500 salary for Oct.Oct. 30

Simple Entry – Two accounts, one debit and one credit.

Compound Entry – Three or more accounts.


Example – On June 15, H. Burns, purchased equipment for $15,000 by paying cash of $10,000 and the balance on account (to be paid within 30 days).


June 15 Equipment 15,000 Cash 10,000 Accounts Payable 5,000

(Purchased equipment)

Date

General Journal

A General Ledger contains the entire group of accounts maintained by a company.

The General Ledger includes all the asset, liability, owner’s equity, revenue and expense accounts.

The LedgerThe LedgerThe LedgerThe Ledger

Accounts and account numbers arranged in sequence in which they are presented in the financial statements.

Chart of AccountsChart of AccountsChart of AccountsChart of Accounts

Hanshew Real Estate AgencyChart of Accounts

101 Cash 300 Hanshew, Capital112 Accounts receivable 306 Hanshew, Drawing126 Advertising supplies 350 Income summary130 Prepaid insurance

150 Office equipment158 Accumulated depreciation 400 Service revenue

200 Accounts payable 631 Advertising supplies expense201 Notes payable 711 Depreciation expense209 Unearned revenue 722 Insurance expense212 Salaries payable 726 Salaries expense230 Interest payable 729 Rent expense

905 Interest expense

Liabilities

Assets Owner's Equity

Revenues

Expenses

T-account form used in accounting textbooks.

In practice, the account forms used in ledgers aremuch more structured.

Standard Form of AccountStandard Form of AccountStandard Form of AccountStandard Form of Account

Explanation Ref. Debit CreditOct. 1 15,000 15,000

27 700 14,300 30 2,500 11,800

CashDate

No. 101Balance

Posting Posting – the process of transferring amounts from the journal to the ledger accounts.

Cash Acct. No. 101Date Explanation Ref. Debit Credit Balance

General Ledger

Account Title Ref. Debit CreditOct. 1 Cash 15,000

Hanshew, Capital 15,000 (Owner's investment in business)

Date

General Journal

Oct. 1 J1 15,000 15,000

101

J1

PostingPostingPostingPosting

The Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedThe Recording Process IllustratedFollow these steps:

1. Determine what type of account is involved.

2. Determine what items increased or decreased and by how much.

3. Translate the increases and decreases into debits and credits.

Illustration 2-19

D. Trial Balance• Imbangan Duga merupakan senarai baki akaun yang

diambil daripada buku lejar dan Buku Tunai pada satu tarikh tertentu.

• Terdapat 2 format dalam penyediaan Imbangan Duga :1. Bentuk Akaun @ “T”2. Bentuk Lajur

• Cara penyediaannya, imbang dan tutup SEMUA akaun-akaun dalam lejar termasuk Buku Tunai, dan pindahkan bakinya ke dalam Imbangan Duga. Pastikan tiada akaun yang tertinggal kecuali akaun yang tidak berbaki.

• AKAUN NOMINAL adalah merujuk kepada Akaun HASIL dan BELANJA.

• AKAUN NYATA pula merujuk kepada Akaun ASET (aset semasa dan aset bukan semasa)

Fungsi Imbangan Duga

• Untuk menyemak urusniaga-urusniaga perniagaan yang telah direkod mematuhi sistem catatan bergu. Jika sistem catatan bergu tidak dipatuhi, imbangan duga tidak akan seimbang.

• Apabila kita melakukan proses catatan beregu, kita mengatakan bahawa setiap kemasukan debit mesti dipasangkan dengan kemasukan kredit, begitu juga sebaliknya. Oleh itu, jika kesemua lejar tadi disenaraikan selepas penyeimbangan dibuat, kita sepatutnya mendapat jumlah keseluruhan debit sama dengan jumlah keseluruhan kredit. Jika ianya tidak seimbang, kita perlu mencari apa kesilapannya.

Item Debit ( RM ) Kredit ( RM )

Stock 20,550

Carriage inwards 18,000

Carriage outwards 21,000

Returns inwards 18,000

Purchases 219,000

Sales 252,600

Wages and salaries 42,000

Rent 27,000

Insurance 33,000

Motor expenses 36,000

Office expenses 24,000

Eletricity 25,000

Building 270,000

Motor vehicles 352,000

Furniture 165,000

Fixtures and fittings 105,000

Debtors 10,200

Creditors 27,300

Cash in hand 26,100

Cash at bank 180,000

Drawings 1,327,050

Capital 22,500

Rent received 22,500

Total 1,629,450 1,629,450

EXERCISE 3Berikut ialah urus niaga Perniagaan Aminah sepanjang bulan Januari 2009.

RM

Jan 1 Memulakan perniagaan dgn tunai sbg modal 15000

2 Beli alat pejabat utk kegunaan pejabat secara tunai 4600

4 Belian secara kredit drpd Syt Sakura 1800

7 Pulang barang rosak kpd Syt Sakura 100

9 Jualan barang secara tunai 520

12 Bayar tunai kpd Syt Sakura 600

13 Jual barang secara kredit kpd Peniaga Tee 1120

16 Beli kelengkapan secara tunai 3200

20 Mengeluarkan barang utk kegunaan keluarga 150

22 Terima wang tunai drpd Peniaga Tee 700

25 Membayar sewa secara tunai 450

28 Mengambil wang tunai drpd pejabat utk kegunaan sendiri 80

30 Menerima tunai utk komisen 270Anda dikehendaki merekodkan urus niaga tersebut mengikut sistem catatan bergu dan kemudian menyediakan Satu Imbangan Duga pada 31 Januari 2009

Schema

Profit and Loss Account - Flow

Profit and Loss Account

• Shows the flow of sales and costs over a period

• Shows the level of profit or loss made• Shows what has been done

with the profit or loss

Profit and Loss AccountConsolidated Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 2003 2002 2001

Weeks 52 52 52

Currency £ million £ million £ million

Turnover 7688.0 8340.0 9278.0

Cost of sales -7263.0 -8291.0 -8757.0

Gross Profit 425.0 49.0 521.0

Operating Expenses -130.0 -137.0 -77.0

Operating Profit 295.0 -88.0 444.0

Other costs/income 95.0 166.0 -68.0

Profit before interest and taxation 390.0 78.0 376.0

Net interest receivable (payable) -255.0 -278.0 -226.0

Profit on ordinary activities before taxation 135.0 -200.0 150.0

Tax on profit on ordinary activities -50.0 -71.0 -69.0

Profit on ordinary activities after taxation 85.0 -129.0 81.0

Equity minority interests -13.0 -13.0 -14.0

Profit for the financial period 72.0 -142.0 67.0

Dividends 0.0 -193.0

Retained profit 72.0 -142.0 -126.0

Profit and Loss Account for British Airways plcSource: http://www.bized.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ratios/ratiodata.pl

Turnover – the revenue earned over the year

Gross Profit = turnover – cost of sales

Operating Expenses – the fixed costs

Operating or Net Profit = Gross profit – operating costs

Cost of Sales – the variable costs, how much it cost the firm to produce what it has sold – not to be confused with sales revenue!

Subtract other costs and expenses incurred to get profit before tax

Subtract interest payments/receipts to get profit on ordinary activities before tax

Subtract tax due to get profit on ordinary activities after tax

Final section called ‘appropriation account’ – shows where the profit/loss is going

Dividend – the share of the profit returned to shareholders

Retained Profit – the amount kept back for future investment, etc.

Balance Sheet - Snapshot

Balance Sheet

• A snapshot of the firm’s position at a point in time

• Shows what a company owns (assets) and what it owes (liabilities)

• Balance Sheet shows what assets a company has (use of funds) and where the money came from to acquire those assets (source of funds)

Balance Sheet – Part 1

Consolidated Balance Sheet for the year ended 2003 2002 2001

Weeks 52 52 52

Currency £ million £ million £ million

Fixed assets

Intangible Assets 164.0 105.0 60.0

Tangible Assets 9487.0 10509.0 10662.0

Investments 524.0 489.0 426.0

Total Fixed Assets 10175.0 11103.0 11148.0

Current assets

Stock 87.0 109.0 170.0

Debtors due within one year 986.0 1231.0 1444.0

Short-term investments 1430.0 1155.0 865.0

Cash at bank and in hand 222.0 64.0 71.0

Total Current Assets 2725.0 2559.0 2550.0

Fixed Assets – assets not used up in production or lasting longer than one year – equipment, buildings, machinery, etc.

Fixed assets can be tangible – i.e. physical items or intangible – i.e. brand name, goodwill.

Current Assets: assets that are used up during production and which are likely to yield cash in the coming year – for example, stock will be sold and debtors owing the business money will pay up!

Balance Sheet – Part 2

Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year -2904.0 -3201.0 -3308.0

Net Current Assets (liabilities) -179.0 -642.0 -758.0

Total assets less current liabilities 9996.0 10461.0 10390.0

Creditors: Amounts falling due after more than one year -6553.0 -7097.0 -6901.0

Provisions for liabilities and charges -1169.0 -1157.0 -1164.0

Net assets 2274.0 2207.0 2325.0

Capital and reserves

Called-up share capital 271.0 271.0 271.0

Share premium 788.0 788.0 788.0

Other reserves 270.0 270.0 290.0

Profit and loss account 729.0 687.0 772.0

Equit shareholders' funds 2058.0 2016.0 2121.0

Minority interests 216.0 191.0 204.0

Total capital employed 2274.0 2207.0 2325.0

Subtracted from the assets are the money the company owes to creditors – suppliers for example

And to those who are longer term creditors – loans, mortgage on property etc

This leaves us with ‘Net Assets’

The funds to acquire these assets must have come from somewhere – the next section tells us where it came from.

It can come from share capital and from retained profit (profit and loss account)

The total capital employed must be the same as the sum of the net assets – hence the term ‘balance’ sheet!

Balance Sheet

• A guide to the structure of the assets of a company

• A guide to the level of gearing – the ratio of loan to share capital

• Gives a guide as to the degree of working capital – the amount the company has to be able to pay its everyday debts (current assets – current liabilities)

• Shows the total value of a firm at that moment in time

• Merekod semua urusniaga tunai.• Dapat membantu peniaga untuk mengawal tunai perniagaan.• Sebahagian daripada lajer utama dan rekodnya berdasarkan

sistem catatan bergu.• Baki tunai dan baki bank hendaklah di masukkan ke dalam

imbang duga.• Kebaikan menggunakan buku tunai :

Catatan dalam lajer utama dapat dikurangkan. Akaun tunai dan akaun bank mudah di rujuk.

F. Petty Cash Book & Imprest System

Buku Tunai Tiga Lajur

• Mempunyai tiga lajur utama iaitu lajur tunai, lajur bank dan lajur diskaun.

• Bahagian kiri (debit) Buku Tunai: Semua penerimaan wang tunai – debit ruangan tunai. Semua penerimaan yang dibankkan – debit ruang bank Semua diskaun diberi – ruangan diskaun sebelah debit

• Bahagian kanan (kredit) Buku Tunai: Semua pembayaran wang tunai – kredit ruang tunai. Semua pembayaran dengan cek – kredit ruang bank. Semua diskaun diterima – ruang sebelah kredit

Catatan Kontra• Catatan pindahan wang tunai dari pejabat/kedai ke bank atau

pindahan tunai dari bank ke pejabat / kedai.• Pindahan wang tunai dari pejabat ke bank.

Contoh20X6Sept 17 Masuakkan tunai sebanyak RM 1500 ke dalam bank.

Dt. Akaun Bank RM 1 500 (terima)Kt. Akaun Tunai RM 1 500 (keluar)

• Pindahan wang tunai dari bank ke pejabat. Contoh

20X6Sept 25 Keluaran RM 225 daripada bank untuk kegunaan pejabat.Dt. Akaun Tunai (terima)Kt. Akaun Bank (keluar)

Samb.Tarikh Butir Folio Tunai Bank Tarikh Butir Folio Tunai Bank

20X6Sept 1725

TunaiBank

KK

RM

325

RM

1500

20X6Sept1725

BankTunai

KK

RM

1500

RM

325

• Dua catatan ditulis pada halaman buku tunai iaitu satu akaun didebitkan dan satu akaun dikreditkan.

• (/) atau ‘k’ (singkatan ‘kon’) ditunjukkan di lajur folio di sebelah debit dan kredit.

Buku Tunai sebagai Jurnal

• Jurnal penerimaan tunai dan jurnal pembayaran tunai boleh diganti dengan buku tunai. Jurnal penerimaan tunai – mencatat penerimaan tunai Jurnal pembayaran tunai – mencatat pembayaran tunai dan cek

• Apabila jurnal penerimaan tunai dan jurnal pembayaran tunai digunakan, akaun tunai dan akaun bank mesti di buka.

• Jurnal penerimaan dan pembayaran tidak mempunyai baki awal atau akhir. Baki tunai dan bank di catat dalam akaun tunai dan bank.

• Jurnal penerimaan dan pembayaran tunai berfungsi sebagai Buku Catatan Pertama untuk urusniaga tunai dan tidak berfungsi sebagai sebahagian daripada catatan bergu.

Imprest System (Sistem Panjar)

• Perniagaan boleh mengamalkan SISTEM PANJAR/ IMPRES dalam merekod Buku Tunai Runcit.

• Apakah Sistem Impres/ Panjar?

- Ialah satu sistem yang dikehendaki supaya jumlah wang apungan pada awal setiap tempoh adalah sama.

• Juruwang akan memberikan sejumlah wang tertentu yang disebut panjar (pinjaman) kepada juruwang runcit untuk membiayai semua perbelanjaan runcit bagi satu jangka tertentu.

• Di akhir tempoh ,juruwang akan mengesahkan jumlah wang yang telah dibelanjakan dan membayarkan balik jumlah wang tersebut dalam masa yang ditentukan.

• Mengesahkan jumlah wang yang telah dibelanjakan oleh juruwang runcit dan membayarkan balik jumlah wang itu.

• Tunai runcit akan menyamai jumlah wang Impress / Panjar yang asal.

• Antara satu kebaikan Sistem Impress ialah:– penggunaan wang dapat dikawal pada setiap

masa.

Wang di tangan + Pembayaran (mengikut baucer) = Jumlah asal yang diterima oleh jurujual runcit

Cara merekod Buku Tunai Runcit Buku Tunai Runcit merupakan Buku Catatan

Pertama danberfungsi sebagai lejar kecil. Catatannya ialah:

› Debit - Wang Tunai diterima› Kredit - Wang Tunai dibayar

Lajur khas (ruangan analisis) digunakan untuk mengumpulkan bayaran tunai runcit yang kerap dan memudahakan pengeposkan jenis belanja ke akaun yang berkenaan dengan lejar. Hanya jumalah pada tempoh tertentu (Debit Akaun Belanja berkenaan)

Lajur pelbagai merekodkan lain yang jarang dilakukan dengan tunai runcit

Pengeposan bagi setiap catatan lajur pelbagai adalah berasiangan menurut tarikh

Education

Fp601 chapter 4