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Non-Roman ItalyThe Greeks and Etruscans
January 15, 2014
Trade, Mobility and Urbanization: Trade, Mobility and Urbanization: The Mediterranean between 900-700 BCThe Mediterranean between 900-700 BC
So-called “Nestor’s Cup”Pithekoussai8th century BC
Aristonothos Krater
680-650 BC
Painted terracotta
found at Caere (Etruria)
from Pithekoussai?
Cumae
Magna GraeciaMagna Graecia
Megara Hyblaea
Naxos
Selinus
Akragas
Temple of Concordia at Akragas
Temple of Concordia, Akragas, c. 425 BC, limestone
Basic Greek temple plan
Greek architectural orders
Greek architectural orders
Athena Nike temple, Athens, c. 410 BC, marble
Aerial view of Selinus (Selinunte) on the southwest coast of Sicily
View of the akropolis of Selinus – north is to the left
Temple C (c. 540-530 BC, limestone) on the akropolis of Selinus
Triglyphs & metopes from Temple C, Selinus
Metope from Temple C“Apollo in his chariot”
c. 540-530 BC
Limestone
Selinus (Selinunte)
Metope from Temple C“Perseus slaying the Gorgon”
c. 540-530 BC
Limestone
Selinus (Selinunte)
Metope from Temple C“Herakles & the Kerkopes”
c. 540-530 BC
Limestone
Selinus (Selinunte)
Megara Hyblaea
Naxos
Selinus
Akragas
“Ephebe” or Kouros
Akragas (Agrigento)
5th century / c. 480-470 BC
Marble
Magna GraeciaMagna Graecia
Temple of Hera I, c. 550-525 BC, limestone
Temple of Hera II, Paestum, c. 460 BC, limestone
Tomb of the D
iver, Paestum
Tomb of the Diver, c. 480-470 BC, Paestum, limestone & paint
The EtruscansThe Etruscans
Orientalizing Period in Italy
• Main agents = Phoenicians• Process : artistic motifs & objects from
Near East are introduced into western art through trade and other contacts
• 8th through 6th centuries BC• Style = hybrid of Egyptian/Assyrian motifs
Bocchoris Vase, 720-715 BCfaience, Tarquinia
Decorated ostrich egg, mid 7th century BC, Tarquinia
Caisra = Caere
Tarchna = Tarquinia
Caere, or Cerveteri and its surrounding necropoleis
Regolini-Galassi Tomb
Regolini-Galassi Tomb, c. 650 BC, in the Sorbo necropolis, Caere
discovered in 1836
Gold necklace with pendants, c. 650 BC, gold and amber, Regolini-Galassi tomb, Caere
Silver cup, inscribed as belonging to “Larth”
Bronze cauldron with protomes in form of lion’s head, Regolini-Galassi tomb, c. 650 BC, Caere (Cerveteri)
Gold disk fibula, c. 650 BC, Regolini-Galassi tomb, Caere
~ 12.5” high
Gold pectoral, gold laminate, c. 650 BC, Regolini-Galassi tomb, Caere
~ 11 x 16”
Veii, Portonaccio Sanctuaryc. 500 BC
so-called Temple of Apollo,most likely Temple of Minerva
Basic Italic temple style
• raised podium
• frontal stair
• deep front porch
• alae (wings)
• one or three cellae
• sine postico - no rear porch
antefix pierced cresting
columen plaque
Greek v. Etruscan
Archaic Greek v. Italic temples
Greek Temples• Steps all around• Peristyle > peripteral• Interior columns• Pronaos, cella, opisthodomos• Doric & Ionic orders• Closed pediment with sculpture• Antefixes• Water spouts• Uniform look all around• Eastward orientation
Italic / Etruscan Temples• High, raised podium• Prostyle, sometimes pseudo-
peripteral• No interior columns usually• (pronaos), cella, and alae• Tuscan order• Open pediment; columen sculpture• Pierced cresting• Sculpture on ridgepole• Antefixes• Water spouts• Strong overhang in eaves• Frontal orientation• Southward orientation, usually
Veii, Portonaccio Sanctuary
so-called Temple of Apollo,most likely Temple of Minerva
Portonaccio temple model
Portonaccio temple elevation
Apollo of Veii, c. 510 - 500 BCpainted terracotta~5 ft. 10 in.Villa Giulia Museum, Rome
Anavyssos Kouros, late 6th cent. BC
Apollo of Veii, c. 500 BC
Anavyssos Kouros Apollo of Veii
Antefix
Gorgon’s head
Veii
Caisra = Caere = Cerveteri
Banditaccia necropolis
c. 700 - 200 BC
Caere (Cerveteri)
Sarcophagus of the Married Couplec. 520 BC terracottaCaere (Cerveteri)
Tumulus
Tomb of the Shields & Chairs
Tarchna = Tarquinia
Tarquinia: Montarozzi necropolis
Tomb of the Augurs, c. 520 BC, tufa & paint, Tarquinia
