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Asthma, pollution, and anti-idling!
Mitchell Grayson, MD
Director
Fight Asthma Milwaukee (FAM) Allies
Asthma is a problem
Every day in America: 40,000 people miss school or work due
to asthma
30,000 people have an asthma attack
5,000 people visit the emergency room due to asthma
1,000 people are admitted to the hospital due to asthma
11 people die from asthma
• An immune response in the small airways of the lungs, characterized by
– Inflammation and edema (swelling)
– Mucus production (snot)
– Bronchospasm (muscle tightness)
What is Asthma?
Drawings from M. Tsutsumi
Asthma triggers
• Asthma can be triggered by many airborne factors:
– Pollen (trees, grasses, ragweed)
– Mold spores
– Air pollution
• Exhaust from vehicles – School buses, trucks
– Small engines (eg, lawn mowers)
– Boats and cars
• Factory smoke / exhaust
Air Pollution
• Ozone (O3)
– An invisible gas formed through chemical reactions of nitrous oxides and volatile organic compounds
– Able to chemically react with lung tissue leading to tissue damage
M-1c
Ozone Reduces Lung Function
0 2 4
FE
V1,
% c
ha
ng
e
-40
-20
0
M-10
Time of O3 exposure (h)
sensitive
insensitive
Air Pollution
• Particle Pollution
– A mix of airborne solids and liquids
– Comes from burning fossil fuels in factories, power plants, steel mills, smelters, diesel/gasoline, wood (even from residential fireplaces).
– May trigger asthma possibly leading to hospitalization and death
Particle pollution is
a complex mixture
derived from
many sources
Particle Size
• Size matters
– > 10 µm impact in the nose and mouth
– < 5 µm can impact in the lungs
bronchioles and alveoli
bronchioles (small airways)
trachea (large airways)
nose and mouth
3
From: Heyder J. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1:315.
Particle Deposition
• Larger particles (> PM10)
deposit in the upper
respiratory tract
• Inhalable particles (< PM10)
penetrate into lungs
• Some particles (e.g.,
less than 0.1 um) may
enter bloodstream
• Particles may react,
accumulate, be cleared
or absorbed
Why worry about emissions?
Traffic exposure reduces
lung function
Brunekreef et al., 1997
Individuals living within 300 m of a roadway.
Health Impact of Diesel Emissions
Data from 2010 Clean Air Task Force
Does exhaust really matter to people with asthma?
To reduce traffic for the games: • Around-the-clock public transportation was provided • 1,000 buses added to the existing fleet • Downtown city streets were closed to private cars • Downtown delivery schedules altered to ease morning rush hour • Allowed flexible work schedules and telecommuting
These changes resulted in marked declines in ozone and other air pollutants known to trigger asthma exacerbations.
A study examined the 1996 summer Olympic games in Atlanta
Friedman MS, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:897-905
Results for people with asthma
• When compared to pre-Olympics data, the frequency of asthma events (emergency room and/or hospitalizations) decreased by
– 42% (Georgia Medicaid claims)
– 44% (Health Maintenance Organization data)
– 11% (data from two Pediatric Emergency Depts)
– 19% (data from the Georgia Hospital Discharge Database)
• So, reducing pollutants and ozone reduced the burden of asthma!
Friedman MS, et al. JAMA. 2001;285:897-905
Health Recommendations
• Check Air Quality Daily:
– 1-866-DAILY AIR
– (1-866-324-5924)
– www.epa.gov/airnow
– Orange level means air quality is bad for sensitive groups including older adults, all children, and people with respiratory illness.
• On bad air quality days:
– Stay indoors
– Do not exercise outside
So what has been done in Milwaukee?
Permanent Signage up at all 35 asthma
grant schools and Central Office
Portable Signage
Education is the key!
• Drivers given DNR and EPA literature
showing effects of idling.
• Drivers given window clings to remind them
to shut off vehicles.
• Bus drivers given magnets to remind them
to shut off vehicles.
• Drivers complying receive a magic school
bus key ring as a thank you.
Peer Educators Spread The Word ….. Message: Save Money
Message: Save Our
Lungs
Message: Save the
Environment
Congress Extended Year Round
School Anti Idling Event
View press conference at: www.wellnessandpreventionoffice.org
Educational materials provided by
the WDNR
All Asthma Grant schools received copies of
the “Magic School Bus Gets Cleaned Up”
EPA Anti-Idling Poster
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Required
On 2011 And Newer Buses *
1. Beginning with the 2011-12 school year, all 2011 model school buses shall have
EPA verified crankcase filter systems and diesel oxidation catalyst systems.
2. Beginning with the 2010-2011 school year contractors will be required to install the
MPS Automatic Vehicle Locator (“AVL”) system on buses designated by MPS.
MPS Bus Contract Anti-Idling
Language The purpose of this policy is to implement current US EPA standards by eliminating all
unnecessary idling of contracted school buses. This policy applies to the operation of all contracted school buses.
1. When school bus drivers arrive at loading or unloading areas to drop off or pick up passengers, they should turn off their buses as soon as possible to eliminate idling time and reduce harmful emissions. The school bus should not be restarted until it is ready to depart and there is a clear path to exit the pick-up area. Exceptions include conditions that would compromise passenger safety, such as:
a. Extreme weather conditions
b. Idling in traffic
2. Limit the idling time during early morning warm-up to what is recommended by the manufacturer (generally 3-5 minutes) in all but the coldest weather.
3. In colder weather, schools will be directed to provide a space inside the school where bus drivers who arrive early can wait.
4. In colder weather, if the warmth of the bus is an issue, idling is to be at a very minimum and occur outside the school zone. The “Warmed” school bus is to enter the school zone as close to pick-up time as possible to maintain warmth and then shut down.
5. Bidders must have a detailed strategy to train drivers on this policy, including anti-idling procedures in driver training materials. Anti-idling signage will be posted at all bus company locations.
6. Bidders shall conduct regular on-site inspections of school sites to ensure procedures are followed. Bidders shall take immediate action to rectify the occurrence.
Distributing anti-idling posters to all
schools this fall
Medical Residents Talk to
Legislators
Thank You!
Robert C. Little
Central Region Manager
734.679.7526
Powered by:
PROPANE AUTOGAS: A CLEAR CHOICE
Choosing the Right Partner
Technology /
Manufacturer Fuel Infrastructure
Propane Molecule
(C3H8)
ROUSH Enterprises Brand Portfolio
Roush Fenway Racing
• Dominant NASCAR Sprint Cup racing team.
ROUSH Performance
• Industry leading high performance vehicles.
ROUSH Life Sciences
• Setting a new standard in medical equipment
design, manufacturing, and engineering.
ROUSH Industries
• OEM quality manufacturing, engineering,
prototyping, and design capabilities.
Corporate Overview
Corporate Wheel of Capability
Single Source Engineering and Support
Building 2 – Emissions Testing
Building 3 – NVH
Building 6 – Machining/Engine Build
Building 15 – Engine Development
Building 79 – Vehicle Assembly
Building 87 - RCT Headquarters
•Manufacturing
•Complex Assembly
•Sales & Marketing
•Engineering
•Warranty & Field Service
Ford 6.8L-3V engine.
Produced in Windsor Ontario: – 2.1 million square feet
– 1850 employees
Introduced in 1997. – Upgraded in 2005 with 3 valves per cylinder.
Currently used in Ford Super Duty trucks (F-450 / F-550 / F-650), strip chassis, motor homes and commercial step vans.
Over 1 million 6.8L engines have been produced.
The engine was upgraded with premium valves, valve seats and a larger oil pump to meet Blue Bird’s needs.
Engine Background
67.5 gallon capacity.
Carbon steel.
Twice the required thickness for
ASME Certification
312 PSI working pressure.
Fuel System
Fuel System
16 Mounting Points
Located Inside Frame Rails
4,000 lbs @ 40 MPH.
Angled side and rear impact.
220 PSI tank pressure.
CMVSS 301.1 protocol.
No leakage or pressure drop in 30 minute test.
Safety Testing
Blue Bird Vision
Fuel Rail ROUSH CleanTech’s signature
blue anodized aluminum fuel
rail is designed to operate
under varying temperatures
of liquid propane
Fuel Fill Industry-standard valve designed to
allow for safe passage of liquid pro-
pane into the vehicle. Includes a
check valve to prevent fuel leaks.
Fuel Tank The liquid propane autogas fuel tank
meets all ASME certification standards,
is made of steel, and is built and assembled
in the USA.
Fuel Lines Made of high-durability stainless
steel to handle varying temperatures
and pressures. They are designed to
route through the factory line locations.
Fuel Injectors Special fuel injectors are used
to inject liquid propane into the
cylinders for ignition.
FRPCM The Fuel Rail Pressure Control
Module ensures consistent vehicle
performance and power on-demand.
Model Years
2012- 2013
Engine Size
6.8L V10 (3V)
Applications
All cab configurations.
All wheelbase configurations.
6-speed automatic transmission.
Fuel Tank Capacity
Mid-Ship: 67 gallons (usable)
Extended Range: 93 gallons (usable)
Technical Specifications
EPA and CARB approved.
GVWR: 33,000 lbs.
Up to 77 passengers
Order Availability
Blue Bird dealers
Product Overview
Blue Bird Vision (Type C)
Model Years
2012- 2013
Engine Size
6.8L V10 (2V)
Applications
All cab configurations.
158” / 176” wheelbase configurations.
5-speed automatic transmission.
Fuel Tank Capacity
Mid-Ship: 41 gallons (usable)
Technical Specifications
EPA and CARB approved.
GVWR: 14,500 lbs.
Up to 30 passengers
Order Availability
Blue Bird dealers
Product Overview
Micro Bird G5 (Type A)
ROUSH Passenger and Cargo Vehicles
Full Line of E-Series:
– 2009+ Ford E-150 / 250 / 350 - 5.4L V8
– 2007+ Ford E-350 Cutaway - 5.4L V8
– 2009+ Ford E-450 Cutaway - 6.8L V10
ROUSH Trucks
Full Line of F-Series:
– 2007.5-2008 Ford F-150 - 5.4L V8
– 2009-2010 Ford F-250 / 350 - 5.4L V8
– 2012+ Ford F-250/350 – 6.2L V8
– 2011+ Ford F-450 / 550 - 6.8L V10
– 2012+ Ford F-650 - 6.8L V10
Propane Autogas
– Over 4,000 vehicles sold.
– Service, warranty, sales infrastructure in place.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• Design of fuel system.
• Calibration.
Electric
– Over 16,000 recharging stations built.
– Blink ECOtality contract with U.S. DOE.
Hydrogen
• 207.297 MPH (world land-speed record.)
Alt. Fuel Experience
Factors for Alt Fuel Analysis
Economics
Energy Independence
Environmental Responsibility
Choosing the Right Partner
Technology /
Manufacturer Fuel Infrastructure
Propane Molecule
(C3H8)
What Is Propane Autogas?
Economical – 40% - 50% less expensive than gasoline.
Clean – 24% reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
– 20% reduction in Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions.
– 60% reduction in Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions.
Domestic – Export Billions of Gallons per Year
Abundant – Most refueling infrastructure of any alternative fuel.
– Powers over 21 million vehicles worldwide.
Safe – Low pressure (~ 200 psig).
– Fuel tanks are 20 times more puncture resistant than gasoline.
Propane Molecule
(C3H8)
US Propane Supply Growing Increase in Natural Gas Liquids Production From U.S. and Canada Shale Gas (Million Gallons per year)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Propane
Ethane
Butane
Pentanes
• Natural gas liquids production from shale gas is expected to increase by more than 6.9 Billion Gallons per
year between 2010 and 2015.
• 1.8 billion gallons of new propane supply by 2015
• 3.6 billion gallons of new propane supply by 2020
1/ Haynesville production includes production from other shales in the vicinity, e.g., the Bossier Shale
U.S. and Canada Shale Gas Production (Bcfd)
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
20
17
20
18
20
19
20
20
Western Canada
All Other US
Eagle Ford
Bakken
Utica
Marcellus
Haynesville /1
Fayetteville
Barnett
Woodford
Source: ICF Consulting
Wholesale Price Comparison
June, 2008:
~$2.00 / gal.
difference
(propane & diesel)
January, 2009:
$1.50 / gal.
difference
(propane & diesel)
February, 2013:
~$2.50 / gal.
difference
(propane & diesel)
The price gap between propane and diesel continues to widen over time.
Source: Ferrellgas
Choosing the Right Partner
Technology /
Manufacturer Fuel Infrastructure
Propane Molecule
(C3H8)
Fueling Stations
On-Site Refueling:
Ford Michigan Assembly Plant (MI) Alliance Autogas Propane Tank Shell (AZ)
La Pine School District (OR) ROUSH CleanTech (MI) Heritage Propane Tank
Taking our Partners to Victory Lane
Blue Bird Savings
2013 BB Vision
Save Up to $41,000 in Operating
Costs
Healthy Transportation
Studies show that more than 70% of ambient air pollution comes from diesel emissions alone. – Diesel particulates are dangerous because they are so tiny, and can
lodge into the deepest areas of human lungs.
– Children, in particular, are susceptible because they breathe 50 percent more air per pound of body weight than adults.
Propane powered buses emit virtually zero particulate
matter. – In essence, this is a 100% decrease in unhealthy particulate
emissions when compared to diesel school buses. Solomon, Gina M., et al. “No Breathing in the Aisles: Diesel Exhaust Inside School Buses.” National Resources Defense Council and the Coalition for Clean Air.
January 2001 27 April 2004 <http://www.nrdc.org/air/transportation/schoolbus/sbusinx.asp>.
Nazemi, Mike A. “Multiple Toxics Exposure Study (MATES-II) in the South Coast Air Basin.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science Policy (OSP), South Coast Air Quality Management District. Sampling Period: April 1998 to March 1999. 29 April 2004 <http://www.epa.gov/osp/presentations/airtox/nazemi.pdf>.
“Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air & Radiation (OAR), Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards. 17 July 1997. Last updated on Thursday, July 11th, 2002. 29 April 2004 <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/naaqsfin/pmhealth.html>.
“Clean Cities Propane Overview,” U.S. Department of Energe (DOE), 11 December 2012. www1.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/toolbox/.../propane_overview.ppt..
Ford F-250 in Alaska
– Operated in temperatures < 0 F.
– Drove > 1,000 miles / week.
– 9+ months in Alaska.
Demo Vehicle
– State of Alaska Fleet Services.
– CH2M Hill.
– CONAM Construction.
– Ted Stevens Anchorage Int’l
Airport.
– City of Anchorage.
Cold Weather Performance
February 1, 2013
-13 air temperature, -25 wind chill in Minneapolis
Chaska, MN: buses started at 5:00am to begin 6:00am driver check-in
Two diesels were no starts and were plugged in over night
All Propane Units started right up and did not need to be plugged in
Within ten minutes all propane units were starting to heat and take the extreme cold out of the air; nearly all of the diesel still were below zero due to the cold.
By 7:30am some diesels were warmed up; plenty other diesels you could still see the breath in the air.
“Propane unit drivers were so warm they were able to shed jackets and wear a sweater, or even a short sleeve shirt with “house temperatures”
“Many old school bus drivers that were around in the 60’s and 70’s that used propane units then experienced buses freezing up in the winter time or hard starts. With today’s propane converted equipment we have experienced none of that. Everything has been easy starting, fast heating, and few issues if any.”
2013 Arctic Front in Minnesota
ROUSH Technical Support
185 Service Centers and Expanding
Mario Genovese - School Bus Technical Expert
– 734.466.6738 (Office)
– 734.679.9935 (Mobile)
Customer Adoption
“With today’s tight school budgets, using a transportation fuel that saves taxpayers money, keeps the environment clean, and keeps jobs within our national borders is a win-win for everyone. Plus, our drivers love how quiet the propane buses perform.”
– William Schofield (Superintendent, Hall County Schools GA)
“Before tax credits, we pay nearly half the price of diesel for propane, cutting our fuel expenditures by more than 50%. So far we’ve saved $10,000 on the five Blue Bird buses alone.”
– Kevin Neafie (Director of Transportation, Tippecanoe School Corp IN)
“In their first year of operation, these propane autogas school buses (81) are expected to save $500,000 to $700,000 in fuel and maintenance costs over their diesel counterparts.”
– Mark Elias (Area General Manager, First Student OR)
We are saving $0.37 per mile in operating costs; any-one who works with school fleets can appreciate that substantial number.”
– Ron Latko (Director of Transportation, Mesa Unified School District AZ)
Testimonials
Robert C. Little
Central Region – Fleet Sales Manager
734.679.7526
Together We Practice Environmental Responsibility
Together We Are Innovative
Together We Succeed
70
Propane November 19, 2013
71
Propane Offers a Compelling Value Proposition Safe
Exceptionally strong fuel tanks
Built-in safeguards
Quieter ride
Cost Less expensive fuel
Lower maintenance costs
$.50 per gallon U.S. tax credit
Affordable infrastructure
Fuel Domestically produced
Abundant supply
Readily available
Green Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
Performance Exceptional power and cold-weather performance
Propane is a Safe, Cost Effective, Domestically-Sourced Fuel
that Reduces Emissions and Delivers Exceptional Performance
72
Propane is Safe
Fuel tank is 20 time more puncture resistant than the typical
gasoline or diesel fuel tank
Fuel tank is mounted between the chassis frame rails for
additional protection in the event of an accident
Multiple safeguards are installed in the ROUSH CleanTech
system to block the release of propane in the event of a leak
73
Propane Testing
4,000 lbs @ 40 MPH
Angled Side and
Rear Impact
220 PSI Tank
Pressure
CMVSS 301.1
Protocol
No Leakage or No
Pressure Drop in
30 Minute Test
74
Transportation Directors Like the Ease of On-Site Fueling
Propane Fueling Infrastructure is Inexpensive
The infrastructure costs for propane on-site fueling stations
start at approximately $45,000 compared to $400,000 for CNG
stations, and many propane suppliers will bake the cost of the
station into the fuel cost so no out-of-pocket expense is
required at time of installation
75
Buyers Love the Power & Cold Weather Performance
Propane Delivers Performance
With 362 hp, the Ford/ROUSH
CleanTech engine delivers
outstanding power
Cold weather performance is
exceptional and does not
require fuel additives or pre-
heating like diesel applications
Propane buses heat up quicker
than diesel-powered units
Started at -18 Degrees
Fahrenheit with No Problem
76
Propane Buses Reduce the Total Cost of Ownership
Propane Offers Significant Savings
Propane can save the typical
school district approximately
$50,000 in fuel cost over the
life of the bus
Additional savings can be
achieved through lower
maintenance costs
Only 7 quarts of oil
required for oil changes
vs. 21+ quarts for diesel
engines
No DEF fluid required for
emissions system
77
Propane is available in most popular configurations
Component Availability
Common Body Lengths, Passenger Capacities & Options
Available:
Micro Bird Propane – 158” Wheelbase, Up to 30 Passengers
Vision Propane
6 Wheelbases 189” – 280”
Up to 77 Passengers
Air Conditioning
Skirt Mounted Luggage Compartments
Spring or Air Ride Suspensions (Type C)
Wheelchair Lifts
Flat Floor (Type A & Type C)
68 and 93 gallon fuel containers available
78
Engine and Propane Fuel
System Coverage
5 year / 100,000 miles
Propane Engine & Fuel System Coverage
79
Alternative Fuel Markets
Alberta DC Maine Nevada Texas
Alaska Florida Michigan New York Utah
Alabama Georgia Minnesota Ohio Virginia
Arkansas Iowa Missouri Oklahoma Vermont
Arizona Idaho Montana Ontario Washington
British Columbia Illinois North Carolina Oregon Wisconsin
California Kansas New Hampshire Pennsylvania West Virginia
Colorado Mass. New Jersey S. Carolina Nebraska
Connecticut Maryland New Mexico Tennessee
3 Provinces, 40 States and D.C.
80
We Have Many Testimonials from Satisfied Customers
Fleets are Very Happy with Propane
Ron Latko
81
Propane is a Competitive Differentiator for Blue Bird
Summary
The value proposition associated with reducing the total cost of
ownership through a safe bus that reduces a district’s carbon
footprint while delivering exceptional performance is compelling
There are vast reserves of natural gas in the USA that ensure a
solid and predictable supply of propane into the future
Fully integrated, all conventional bus lengths, passenger
capacities and
Customers that buy propane re-buy propane, because it works
Thank you!
82