PHYSIOLOGYGROUP MEMBERS

ANIS AYUNINUR AQILAHNUR HAYATI

NURFARAH AQILAHLAU MEI RUI

JIE EANAMIRUL HELMI

MUHAMMAD FAISALSAAD ASRAAAFNANSARAH

Day 1Handling & Administration of Substances into Rats & Mice

Handling of rats and mice

One-hand method

Scruff the body with one hand while another hand securing

the tail.

Scruff at the back of the neck and

secure tail with same hand.

Two-hand method

Administration of substances

Intraperitoneal

Intramuscular

Intraplantar

SubcutaneousIntravenous

Intraarterial

Oral gavage

Intraperitoneal

Restrain well.

Insert needle at 30-degree angle.

Aspirate. If there is no fluid aspirated,

continue the injection.

Oral gavageMeasure needle length to last

rib.

Scruff firmly and hold head in vertical alignment with

esophagus.

Insert needle tip behind incisors, down into

esophagus.

There should be no resistance if the needle is inserted into

the esophagus.

Oral gavage performed on rat.

SubcutaneousLift skin over the neck to form a tent-like shape.

Insert the needle carefully at the tent base.

Aspirate to ensure the needle do not enter blood

vessel.

Inject the full volume at moderate rate

Intraplantar Restrain the animal.

Secure the hind limb.

Insert needle at 30-degree angle carefully into the

subcutaneous space of the plantar.

Inject full volume of substance.

The plantar region will become swollen.

Intramuscular injection Intravenous injection

Intradermal injection

DAY 2BLOOD GROUPING & BLOOD GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT

The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group system) in human blood transfusion.

• Determination of blood group is important in blood transfusion. WHY????

• The Rh (Rhesus) blood group system is one of the human blood group systems.

Measurement of blood glucose

• Measure blood glucose level in blood

• Method used : fasting blood sugar

• Diseases : Diabetes mellitus

-Type 1 and 2, Gestational Diabetes

Day 3 : Vaginal Swab

Introduction

• Animal used : Rat

• A vaginal swab test involves taking a sample of vaginal secretions with a device that looks like a cotton bud.

Proestrus

Estrus

Metestrus

Diestrus/

pregnancy

Female Reproductive System

• Reproductive system consists of two cervix (in rats) and only one (in mouse), a vagina, a uterine body, two uterine horns and a left and right ovary

Male Reproductive System

• Male has a penis, a pair of accessory glands (seminal vesicles, bulbo-urethral glands and prostate glands) and a pair of testes

Day 4Breathing

&ECG

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of your heart. An ECG translates the heart's electrical activity into line tracings on paper. The spikes and dips in the line tracings are called waves.

An electrocardiogram

(EKG or ECG) is done to:

• Check the heart's electrical activity.

• Find the cause of unexplained chest pain, which could be caused by a heart attack, inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart (pericarditis), or angina.

• Find the cause of symptoms of heart disease, such as shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, or rapid, irregular heartbeats (palpitations).