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CHAPTER 9
The Early Republic
Election Results of 1800
US National Archives:Tally of ElectoralVotes February 11, 1801
Deficiencies in Election Procedures
Distinction between votes for President & Vice President
Constitution calls for a vote in the House of Representatives in case of a tie
House voted 36 times over 5 days: all votes tied
Hamilton encouraged legislators to vote for Jefferson as “lesser of two evils”
On February 17,1801 on the 37th vote Jefferson was elected President
New President walked from his lodgings to the Senate on Capitol Hill
Administered oath by Chief Justice John Marshall
Read his inaugural addressReturned to boardinghouse for dinner
Jeffersonian Simplicity
We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government can not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough; but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others? Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him? Let history answer this question. --Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801
Peaceful Transition of Power
Jefferson in Office
Adams’s Midnight Appointments Federalists wanted Federalist Judges Appointed Federalist Judges to positions before midnight
on Adams’s last day in office
Marbury v. Madison Jefferson’s administration refused to deliver the
appointments Marbury requested Mandamus Court ruled:
Jefferson could not withhold appointment Court had no jurisdiction to hear the case under the
Constitution Supreme Court assumed the right of “Judicial Review”
America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
One of Lewis and Clark’s journals
America, 8th EditionCopyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
One of Lewis and Clark’s maps
Divisions in the Democratic-Republican Party
John Randolph and the Old Republicans States rights Strict construction No tariffs No compromise—ever
The Burr conspiracy Burr and General James Wilkinson Louisiana territory secede and rule Jefferson had him arrested for treason
Executive Privilege Strict Construction of Treason as a crime Burr was aquitted
War in Europe
Harassment by Britain and France Trade with one led to harassment by the other Impressment
The embargo 1807 Commerce clause Hurt only U.S. Shipping (repealed in 1809)
The drift to war The Chesapeake “…a dish of skim milk curdling at the head of our
nation.”
Election of 1808
Electoral Vote 122 67
States Carried 12 5
Popular Vote 124,732 62,431
Percentage 64.7% 32.4%
James MadisonDemocratic-Republican
Charles PinckneyFederalist
War of 1812
The War of 1812
Causes Violation of American shipping rights
Seizure of cargo Impressment of seamen Incitement of Indians along the border with Canada
Supported by the Northern States Opposed by the South who relied on British purchases
Preparations Congress adjourned without providing for payment Madison unprepared for fight over whether to go to
war
The War of 1812
The war in the south General Andrew Jackson fought the Cherokees and
broke their power at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
The War of 1812
British strategy Invasion from Canada stopped by Naval battle on
Lake ChamplainFighting in the Chesapeake
British invaded and burned Washington D.C. Battle of Baltimore: Fort McHenry 1814
“The Star Spangled Banner”
The War of 1812
The Battle of New Orleans Jackson outnumbered 2:1 “The Rifles of Kentucky”
The Treaty of Ghent 1814
The War of 1812
The Hartford Convention Federalists and “Democrats” proposed demands that if not
met would result in New England’s secession from the Union. Demands arrived at the same time as news of the victory at
the Battle of New Orleans Federalist Party did not survive the embarrassment
The aftermath 2nd War for Independence
Demonstrated that small nation could defeat a great power Spurred industrialization US could depend on internal rather than international markets
Era of Good Feeling