Research PaperGrab a copy on

The

Jam Olazo

Why do you need to learn how towrite a research paper?In college, you will be askedto write many research papers,and you need to learn whatgoes into writing a successfulpaper.

This PowerPoint presentationwill give you step-by-stepdirections on how most highschool and collegeteachers/professors expect youto write a basic research paper.

Learning Targets:1. How to choose a topic?2. How to write a thesis or

introductory statement?3. Understand the difference

bet. plagiarism and acceptableplagiarism

4. Learn how to use“parenthetical notations.”

5. Bibliography & proper format.

Research

It is defined as “intensivesearch with the purposeof becoming certain”.

from an old French word,

“sercher”- to seek or search

prefix“re”- again

It is a systematicinvestigation into reality togain knowledge.

#structure

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#structureof a researchpaper

• Abstract• Introduction/ thesis statement• Literature Review• Methodology• Results• Discussion• Conclusion• Reference• Appendices

Main parts ofa composition: Introduction Body Conclusion

Section Purpose of the SectionAbstract To briefly introduce the reader to the aims of the study,

the methodology, results and findings.

Introductionand/or thesisstatement

To state a clear overall purpose for the study, oftenframed in a discussion of the need the research issatisfying.To define the research question(s) of the study.To give a very brief background of relevant theory andpractice for your topic.

LiteratureReview

To summarize what conclusions have been reached in theresearch literature and whether different writers agree ornot.To highlight main issue and controversies around theproblem.

Structure of the Research Paper

Section Purpose of the SectionMethodology To demonstrate that you are aware of the research

methods used to study this topic.To explain and justify the method of data collection andanalysis.

Results To present the findings of your research in an orderlymanner, using heading planned in your methodology orheadings arising from patterns found in the research.

Discussion To comment on the trends/findings and show yourunderstanding of what your data suggests.To highlight anything unexpected that came up.

Structure of the Research Paper

Section Purpose of the SectionConclusion To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of

the outcomes of your study.To discuss the limitations of your study and indicatewhere further research is needed.

Reference To list alphabetically all the reference materials thathave been cited in the text of the report.

Appendices To present relevant details such as letters to participantsand organizations.To present details of questionnaires, surveys and otherrelevant instrument that you developed for the purposeof the study.To present relevant documents, e.g. Reports/policy/historical documents.

Structure of the Research Paper

#how to write?

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Abstract

#how to w

rite?

It is a summary of a body ofinformation; it expresses the mainclaim and argument of a paper.

Questions that an abstract answers:• Why did you do this study or

project?• What did you do and how?• What did you find?• What do your findings mean?

Introduction

#how to w

rite?

The primary purpose of an introduction isto frame the paper for its readers. Itshould provide:

• brief description of the topic• statement as to why the topic is

worth researching or why it could befound interesting

• statement of the research objectives.• statement of the method(s) and the

scope of study.• An overview of the rest of the paper.

Literature review

#how to w

rite?

Four guide questions:• What is the present state of

knowledge regarding the topicunder consideration?

• How are the studies related tothe one being proposed?

• What is the quality of the studiesreviewed?

• How will the proposed studycontribute to the existingliterature?

Methodology

#how to w

rite?

• To demonstrate that you are awareof the research methods used tostudy this topic.

• To justify the research method andapproach you have taken or yourstudy.

• To explain and justify the methodof data collection and analysis.

Conclusion

#how to w

rite?

The ‘results’ and ‘discussion’ should be thefocus of this part.• To sum up your findings and

highlight the significance of theoutcomes of your study.

• To outline any implication orrecommendations indicated by thefindings.

Conclusion

#how to w

rite?

Results - to present the findings ofyour research in an orderly manner,using heading planned in yourmethodology or headings arisingfrom patterns found in the research.

Discussion - show yourunderstanding of what your datasuggests.

Reference(s)

#how to w

rite?

• To list alphabetically all thereference materials that havebeen cited in the text of the report.

Referencing your paper• References need to contain all works

cited in the text.• References should consistently follow

one recognizable system.

Appendices

#how to w

rite?

• To present relevant details suchas letters to participants andorganizations.

• To present details ofquestionnaires, surveys and otherrelevant instrument that youdeveloped for the purpose of thestudy.

• To present relevant documents,e.g. Reports/policy/ historicaldocuments.

#where & how do we begin?

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Choose a subject

ChoosingaSubject forResearch Paper

that interests you butfrom which you can stilllearn much not too broad not too difficult, one for

which you can findmaterials from popularmagazines or booksaimed at general reading. that has some interest

for the average reader.

athering ofMaterials

Observation orexperience Interview The library Special bulletins

and reports

G

Make aPreliminaryOutline

Common type of outline: • Have some ideas of topicsin which you will beneeding information.

• Begin your reading with afew general articles whichgive an overall survey.

• Try to anticipate theimportant questions yourpaper will have to answer.

• Jot down what seems tobe the major divisions ofthe subject.

Use unrolled index,preferably 4x6 inches insize. Cover only one subject on

each card.Write the subject on the

left hand corner. Name the exact source. Use direct quotations if

you want to include yourpaper the author’s exactwording.Make most of your notes

brief statement in yourown words.

Note taking

Suggestions fornote taking:

ParentheticalCitations

Quoting means

to REPEATanother source

word for word,

using quotationmarks.

ParentheticalCitations

Keys to Parenthetical Citations“Make it easier for

your reader!” Keep quotes short Give only information

needed to identify thesource on your WorksCited Page

You don’t need to citeinformation that is“common knowledge”

Keep quotes short Give only information

needed to identify thesource on your WorksCited Page

You don’t need to citeinformation that is“common knowledge”

“How do IQUOTE

an author?”

“How do IQUOTE

an author?”

hen toQUOTEan author?W

In research papers, youshould quote from asource:

• To show that an authoritysupports your point;

• To present a position orargument;

• To include especially movingor historically significantlanguage; and

• To present a particularlywell-stated passage whosemeaning would be lost orchanged if paraphrased orsummarized.

DocumentingAsource

1. Passing of someone else’swork as your own, whetherwe do this deliberately ornot.

2. Not acknowledging whenusing information (i.e. data,tables, figures or graphics)from other writers.

3. Inadequately paraphrasinga source.

1. Passing of someone else’swork as your own, whetherwe do this deliberately ornot.

2. Not acknowledging whenusing information (i.e. data,tables, figures or graphics)from other writers.

3. Inadequately paraphrasinga source.

PLAGIARISM

Paraphrase!!!

I’ve juststolen other

author’swork!

PLAGIARIZER

Plagiarism v. ParaphrasingDirect quote from research:

“Japan’s beautiful MountFuji last erupted in 1707 andis now classified as dormant.Dormant volcanoes show nosigns of activity, but theymay erupt in the future.”

Non-plagiarized paraphrase:

Mount Fuji, the highestmountain in Japan, is actually adormant volcano. Dormantmeans that it is not active. Thelast time Mount Fuji erupted wasin 1707, and there is always thepossibility of a future eruption.

Plagiarism v. ParaphrasingNon-plagiarized paraphrase:Shortly after HurricaneKatrina devastated the city ofHouston, Texas, a warning fora new hurricane named Ritawas broadcast, which causedmany people to panic and fleethe city. However, the massdeparture of people leavingHouston at the same timecould have caused many caraccidents, even though thehurricane turned out to be notas dangerous as Katrina.

Direct quote from research:

“Three weeks after Katrina,warnings of the arrival ofHurricane Rita sent residents ofcities such as Houston, Texas,rushing to evacuate, fearing fortheir lives. Fortunately,Hurricane Rita turned out to bemuch less severe than Katrina.However, mass evacuations likethis bring hazards of their own,as panicking drivers may causeaccidents on the jammed roads.”

#why use a consistent format?

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Why use aConsistentFormat?

1. Helps your reader understand your argumentsand the sources they’re built on.

2. Allow readers to cross-reference your sourceseasily I they are doing further research.

3. Provides consistent format.4. Gives you credibility and reliability as a writer.

1. Helps your reader understand your argumentsand the sources they’re built on.

2. Allow readers to cross-reference your sourceseasily I they are doing further research.

3. Provides consistent format.4. Gives you credibility and reliability as a writer.

Why should you bother? It demonstrates you have

looked up the informationto prove your points.

Colleges require a specific format.

#formatting your research

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MLA Format

Formatting your research paper. Which one?

(Modern Language Association)- is the official guide to non-fictionwriting widely adopted by schools,

academic departments, andinstructors

APA Format(American Psychological Association)

- is an academic format commonly usedto cite sources within the social sciences.

Used by various other scientificjournals (including medical and public

health journals), textbooks, andacademia.

ACM Format(Association for Computer Machinery)

is the largest and oldestinternational scientific and industrial

computer society where theypublish their own journals or

proceedings.

MLA Guidelines APA GuidelinesPaper Standard size (8.5 x 11" in the U.S.)Page Margins 1" on all sides (top, bottom, left, right) 1" on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)Font 12-pt. easily readable (e.g., Times

Roman)12-pt. Times Roman or Courier. Forfigures, however, use a sans serif fontsuch as Arial.

Spacing Double-spaced throughout, includingcaptions and bibliography

Double-spaced

Alignment ofText

Flush left (with an uneven right margin) Flush left (with an uneven right margin)

ParagraphIndentation

1/2" (or five spaces) 5–7 spaces

End of Sentence Leave one space after a period unlessyour teacher prefers two.

Leave one space after a period unlessyour teacher prefers two.

Page Numbers On every page, in the upper rightmargin, 1/2" from the top and flushwith the right margin put your lastname followed by the page number.

On every page (except Figures), in theupper right margin, 1/2" from the topand flush with the right margin, two orthree words of the paper title (this iscalled the running head) appear fivespaces to the left of the page number,beginning with the title page.

MLA Guidelines APA GuidelinesTitle Page Only if your teacher requests one.

Instead, on the first page, upperleft corner place on separate lines,double-spaced:Your nameTeacher's nameCourse name or numberDateUnderneath, center the title usingregular title capitalization rules andno underline. Start the reportimmediately below the title.

The title page is always the firstpage.On the line below the pagenumber, the running head is typedflush left (all uppercase) followingthe words "Running head:"Below the running head, thefollowing are centered on theirown lines, using upper and lowercase:Paper titleYour nameYour school

SectionHeadings

Top level headings should becentered on the page, using upperand lower case.

Second level headings should beflush left, italicized, using upperand lower case.

MLA Guidelines APA GuidelinesTables &Illustrations

Place tables and illustrations asclose as possible to the text theyrefer to.

A table is labeled Table and given anumber (e.g., Table 1). The tablelabel and caption or title appearabove the table, capitalized like atitle, flush left.

Sources and notes appear belowthe table, flush left.Photos, graphs, charts or diagramsshould be labeled Figure (usuallyabbreviate Fig.), and assigned anumber (e.g., Fig. 1). The label,title, and source (if any) appearunderneath the figure, flush left, ina continuous block of text ratherthan one element per line.

Unless your teacher tells youotherwise, tables and illustrationsappear at the end of the paper.

Each table begins on a separatepage with the label Table 1 (etc.)typed flush left on the first linebelow the page number. Double-space and type the table title flushleft (italicized using uppercase andlowercase letters).

Figures Captions appear on the lastnumbered page of the paper. Inthis case the label Figure 1 (etc.) isitalicized and the caption itself isnot. The caption uses regularsentence capitalization. Thefigures themselves follow, one perpage.

MLA Guidelines APA Guidelines

Order ofMajorSections

Each of these sections (ifpresent) begins on a new page: Title page Abstract Body References Appendixes Footnotes Tables Figure Captions Figures

Binding Most teachers prefer a simplepaper clip or staple. Followyour teacher's request.

AdditionalInformation

Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab (OWL) -MLA Style Guide

Purdue University OnlineWriting Lab (OWL) -APA Style Guide

#writing bibliography

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Bibliography is a list of the sources youused to get information for your report.

As a rule of academic writing,students need to admit the truthwhen they use other people's ideas,views, data, information, writtenmaterials, audiovisual resources, etc.When you use a direct quotation orcopied section, follow cite the sourceand no bibliography truth secret. Itintends to tell reader about accuracy,value and relevancy of the sourcesthat are cited.

As a rule of academic writing,students need to admit the truthwhen they use other people's ideas,views, data, information, writtenmaterials, audiovisual resources, etc.When you use a direct quotation orcopied section, follow cite the sourceand no bibliography truth secret. Itintends to tell reader about accuracy,value and relevancy of the sourcesthat are cited.

MLA Format APA FormatBOOKS

Author's last name, first name. Booktitle. Additional information. City ofpublication: Publishing company,publication date.

Author's last name, first initial.(Publication date). Book title.Additional information. City ofpublication: Publishing company.

Allen, Thomas B. Vanishing Wildlife ofNorth America. Washington, D.C.:National Geographic Society, 1974.

Searles, Baird, and Martin Last. AReader's Guide to Science Fiction. NewYork: Facts on File, Inc., 1979.

Toomer, Jean. Cane. Ed. Darwin T.Turner. New York: Norton, 1988.

Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife ofNorth America. Washington, D.C.:National Geographic Society.

Searles, B., & Last, M. (1979). Areader's guide to science fiction.New York: Facts on File, Inc.

Toomer, J. (1988). Cane. Ed. DarwinT. Turner. New York: Norton.

MLA Format APA FormatENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY

Author's last name, first name. "Titleof Article." Title of Encyclopedia.Date.

Author's last name, first initial.(Date). Title of Article. Title ofEncyclopedia (Volume, pages). Cityof publication: Publishing company.

Tobias, Richard. "Thurber, James."Encyclopedia Americana. 1991 ed.

Pettingill, Olin Sewall, Jr. "Falcon andFalconry." World Book Encyclopedia.1980.

Tobias, R. (1991). Thurber, James.Encyclopedia americana. (p. 600).New York: Scholastic LibraryPublishing.

Pettingill, O. S., Jr. (1980). Falconand Falconry. World bookencyclopedia. (pp. 150-155).Chicago: World Book.

MLA Format APA FormatMAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Author's last name, first name."Article title." Periodical title Volume# Date: inclusive pages.

Author's last name, first initial.(Publication date). Article title.Periodical title, volume number(issue number if available), inclusivepages.

Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping."New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51.

Kalette, Denise. "California TownCounts Down to Big Quake." USAToday 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1.

Trillin, C. (1993, February 15).Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp.48-51.

Kalette, D. (1986, July 21).California town counts town to bigquake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.

MLA Format APA Format

MAGAZINE & NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Author's last name, first name."Article title." Periodical title Volume# Date: inclusive pages.

Author's last name, first initial.(Publication date). Article title.Periodical title, volume number(issue number if available), inclusivepages.

Trillin, Calvin. "Culture Shopping."New Yorker 15 Feb. 1993: 48-51.

Kalette, Denise. "California TownCounts Down to Big Quake." USAToday 9 21 July 1986: sec. A: 1.

Trillin, C. (1993, February 15).Culture shopping. New Yorker, pp.48-51.

Kalette, D. (1986, July 21).California town counts town to bigquake. USA Today, 9, p. A1.

Note: Not the real logo.

Finished!!!You did it!!!

Finished!!!You did it!!!