Benefits of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to Local Communities

Oleh: Victor NikijuluwConservation International (CI) Indonesia

Pejaten Barat 16A, JakartaEmail: vnikijuluw@conservation.org.

Jatiluhur, Purwakarta, November 24, 2016

Presentation Outline

1) What and Why MPAs?

2) Benefits and Costs of MPAs

3) Scientific grounds for locally Benefit MPAs.

4) Lessons from CI Projects In West Papua

5) Research Agenda

1. What are MPAs

What are MPAs? 1/3

• Area of sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biodiversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means

Pomeroy, R.A. (2010) 2/3

Pomeroy, R.A. (2010) 3/3

2. Benefits and Costs of MPA

Benefits of MPA 1/4

• Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems;• Arresting and possibly reversing the global and

local decline in fish populations and productivity by protecting critical breeding, nursery and feeding habits;

• Raising the profile of an area for marine tourism and broadening local economic options.

• providing opportunities for education, training, heritage and culture;

• providing broad benefits as sites for reference in long-term research.

Benefits of MPA to Fisheries 2/4

• Protection of specific life stages (such as nursery grounds);

• Protection of critical functions (feeding grounds, spawning grounds);

• Provision of spillover of an exploited species;

• Provision of dispersion centers for supply of larvae to a fishery.

• Support for fishery stability.

Social Benefits of MPAs 3/4

Social Costs of MPAs 4/4

3. Social Researcheson MPAs

(Allison, et al. 1998) – 1/6

• Profound influence of human in watersystems has been the impetus for strongmarine conservation advocacy.

• Human exploitation is usually directed at top predators.

Allison et al. (1998) – 2/6

Number and size of conservation areas do matter.

Strong conservation efforts outside the reserve must be a complement

MPA is necessary but not sufficient,

What else???.

Sanchirico (2000)Zinn and Buck (2001) – 3/6

• From society’s perspective, MPAs are a public investment of marine resources.

• Like other public investments, the potential benefits and costs of MPAs are realized both over the short and long run.

Distributional Effect of MPA(Alban, F. et al. 2006) – 4/6

• The impacts of MPAs on various groups of stakeholders differ.

• This may result in conflicts and often makes local community reluctant to support MPAs project.

• Compensation and benefit may improve social acceptability of the project.

Paige W. et al (2006) – 5/6

• Space is produced through social practices, science, planning, and technology,

• Space is lived and understood through symbols, language, and images

• The world is experienced materially and symbolically.

• Political economy and globalization tend to largely affect conservation activities.

• People tend be simplified as resource users.

Paige W. et al (2006) –6/6

• MPA as a way of seeing, understanding, and producing nature (environment) and culture (society) and as a way of attempting to manage and control the relationship between the two.

4. Lessons from CI Projects in West Papua

Developing MPAs as parts of Seascape (waterscape)

Step-1: Identify & Select

• Form committee & set goals• Collate information• Identify candidates • Define criteria & process• Select seascape

Step-2: Develop Strategy

• Get organized• Create seascape profile• Articulate vision and aims• Identify activities• Set roles & budgets• Develop indicators

Enabling Legal Framework

EBM & MPAsAdequate

Institutions & Capacity

Private sector engagement

Social & political support

Maintenance & restoration of critical

habitats a & ecosystems

Threatened species recovery

Human well-being benefits

Sustainable financing & market

mechanisms

Step-3Implement and Monitor:

9 Essential Elements

Adaptive process

MPAs in West Papua

• 15 MPAs protecting 3.5 Million Ha

• Complete zonation systems in place for all focal MPAs

• Over 500,000 ha of No-Take Zones (NTZs)• Kaimana and Fakfak (6 MPAs) in process

Community Engagement

• Socialization and familiarization concept.

• Awareness building

• “Adat” declaration at village level.

• Community declaration at regency level

• Bupati’s Decree enactment.

• MPA-101 training to different target group

• Social capacity development

• Organization strengthening

• Institutional development

AdatDeclaration

Community Engagement

• Community patrol and monitoring

• Community reporting

• Community-led ecosystem restoration, rehabilitation.

• Children and youth education

• Women participation

• Economic empowerment:

– Sustainable tourism

– Sustainable fisheries

– Other livelihoods

• Value chain improvement

• Grants to community for business startup

Community Engagement

• Investing in tourism. – Dive and snorkeling

operators.

– Sea resort labors

– Lodges and hostels

– Guides

• Investing in:– Transportation

– Workshops

• Working in conservation NGOs

• BLUD (District-owned servicing enterprise).

• Promotion, campaign, and outreach

• Developing local foundations

• Training of trainers

• Blue Abadi Trust fund

• Yayasan KemitraanJantung Konservasi Dunia(YKJKD)

5. Research Agenda

Research Frontiers (Pomeroy, 2010) 1/4

Research Frontiers (Pomeroy, 2010) 2/4

Research Agenda 3/4

• Land tenure

• Blue carbon in mangrove and seagrass

• Economic valuation of species and ecosystems

• Benefit-costs analysis of different production technologies

• Politic and decision making process on conservation.

• Institution effectiveness analysis.

• Policy analysis

• Social carrying capacity (ability to accept social pressures)

Research Agenda for BP2KSI 4/4

1. Zoning Development and Effective management– No-use zone, no-take zone– Limited use zone ( aquaculture, fisheries, tourism)– Utilized zone– Managed zone

2. Determining flag species– Entry point for conservation management

3. Macro-micro impacts of conservation4. Improving community engagement in

conservation