Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

By J. Collins/ D McDowell/ A. Anders

Industrial Revolution

The IR is when people stopped making products at home and started making goods in factories.

Cottage Industry

On the F

arm

• Farm life difficult, but cyclical • Homes built and maintained by

farmer and family• Intense periods of work during

planting and harvesting seasons with slower work schedule in between

• Daily schedule set by work load, daylight, farmer’s ambition

Agrarian

(Agricultural)

Revolution

• Draw two large rectangles divided into nine squares each. Each one of these symbolizes a field of nine different crops. *In the first rectangle, *In the second, put an

draw crops in each square X in any three of the boxes Draw crops in the remaining squares

Now make a little fence around the entire fields of the rectangle with the Xes.

X X X

• Agricultural Revolution – New farming methods invented

• Lord Townshend in England introduced crop rotation – land could now be used year-round; certain crops revitalized soil

• Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public land

Shift AW

AY

from

Agrarian M

ovement

• Smaller farmers pushed off of land to work as wage laborers for various land owners or to move to the growing cities (urbanization)

• More food produced = population increase

• In 1700 there were about 100 million people in Europe, by 1800 the population had grown to 190 million.

Review

• What was the agrarian or agricultural revolution?

DB

Q

• Why England”

• Number 1-9 in your comp.book and skip 4 lines each.

• With your partner, analyze the section of the DBQ and write the response in your comp. book.

Why did the IR

begin in G

reat Britain?

Rise of science Increasing productivity in agriculture Expanding population Merchant tradition- entrepreneurial spirit capitalist philosophy (Adam Smith!) Geography

Coal and iron deposits Navigable rivers Natural harbors Island location

Global trading, slave labor, gold & silver of the New World- COLONIES (in America, Africa, India)

State-supported economic development Constitutionalism; Locke’s philosophy (property!)

Quest for colonies!-

giant map

Britain Industrializes

First

• 1715-1850• Many natural

resources available in Britain, including large amounts of coal and iron


First

• Geographical advantages include a large river system for water power and many natural harbors for easy trade

• A strong, stable government allowed a strong, stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest


First

• Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets

• Spreads to continental Europe, United States of America, and Japan between 1850 and 1914

Slavery

England dominated slave trade 1690-1807 in Atlantic

• Transported 1.7 million slaves to West Indies (Caribbean area) for plantations on their COLONIES

• Abolished first in UK and later in US with Emancipation Proclamation 1863

Urbanization

• Growth largely unplanned leading to numerous sanitary and social problems

• Typhoid and cholera epidemics swept through the cities

• Families lived in tiny, dirty, rat-infested, crime-infested, disease-ridden housing communities

New

Cities-

Urbanization!

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Labor C

hanges

• Dramatic changes in work patterns occur in the factories

• Concept of time introduced to work, people arrive at factory at specific time, work for pre-set number of hours – “Time was money”

Coal D

iscovered

Iron +

Coal=

PO

WE

RF

UL

!

Immigration

Pull factors

• Immigrants come to the USA for jobs and opportunities.

• Pull factors are good stuff to bring immigrants here like jobs.

• Jobs pulled immigrants here.

• Free land was a pull factor

Push factors

• Push factors are bad stuff to push immigrants away like war or disease. This is potato famine.

• Many immigrants lived in tenements.

Tenem

ent

Charles D

ickens

• 1. Describe events in his live that describe typical life of an industrial city.

• 2. How this effected his life.

UR

BA

NIZ

AT

ION

• These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the factory

• Move from country to city for opportunities

Child labor

• Many immigrants put their children to work ASAP.

Child L

abor

Small B

odies 1 Shilling a W

eek

Child labor

• Shoeshine boys

Child labor

• Bowling pin boys

Child labor

• Coal miner boys

Child labor

• Young miner

Deep in the C

oal M

ines

• Girls were preferred over boys. They were paid less, had smaller hands.

• http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=c5b8f6644bfff4ae069a

Child L

abor

• Parliament in GB begins to investigate! They hold hearings, calling in witnesses.

• Primary Document Reading

Breaker B

oys

Breaker B

oys

Charles D

ickens

Play itunes Dickens

Turn to p. 716 in your textbook.

Read the top under “What are Fair Working Conditions?”

With your partner, discuss the two questions in the blue box

Factory system

New

Technology

Divide your entire paper into six large boxes

At the top of each box, label them accordingly:1. Electricity and Power2. Transportation3. Products4. Communication5. Medicine6. OtherAs you view the following slides and films, record all the new inventions in the appropriate boxes!

1. Electricity/Power 2. Transportation

3. Products 4. Communication

5. Medicine 6. Other

Into the 20th Century


Cotton gin

• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin removed the seeds out of raw cotton.

Steam E

ngine

• The steam engine was not just a transportation device. It ran entire factories the way rivers used to.

Improved

Transportation


Railroads

Transcontinental R

R

• The transcontinental railroad made travel across the country faster, cheaper and more efficient.

• The transcontinental RR met in Utah

Canals

• Canals are manmade waterways dug between 2 large bodies of water.

• The Erie Canal was a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.

Erie C

anal 1825

Panam

a Canal

• The Panama Canal was a shortcut from the Atlantic to the Pacific (or backwards).

Panam

a Canal

Telegraph

• Samuel Morse invented the telegraph. It communicated using a series of beeps (Morse code).

telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.

Robber B

arons

• Andrew Carnegie owned US Steel.

• Steel Mill at night.

Robber B

arons

• John D. Rockefeller owned the railroads and the oil industries

Monopoly

• Carnegie and Rockefeller ran their competition out of business.

• A monopoly is when one company controls the entire industry.

Thom

as Edison

• The light bulb allowed factories to work at night.

• Phonograph

Science

• 1869-Dmitri Mendeleyev grouped elements according to weight (periodic table)

• Earth formed over millions of years• Charles Darwin (On the Origin of

Species)-evolution

Disease P

revention

• 1870-Louis Pasteur showed link between germs and disease, developed a vaccine for rabies and developed pasteurization

• 1914- knew yellow fever and malaria were caused by mosquitoes

• People bathed more

• 1846-anesthesia

• Joseph Lister-insisted surgeons sterilize instruments and wash hands

Edison’s inventions

• Motion picture camera

Efficient industry

• While some progressives fought industry with labor unions and government regulation, others helped industry by using science in the workplace.

Ford’s assem

bly line

Industrial efficiency

• Henry Ford learned that the less people had to move, the faster they would work.

• The first cars were very expensive.

Model T

• The Model T was the first car that middle class people could afford.

Model T

• The assembly line lowered the cost of the Model T from $825 to $300.

Philosophical Reactions to Industrialization

Adam Smith

Thomas Malthus

David Ricardo

Charles Darwin Social Darwinism

John Stuart MillsUnions

Women’s Suffrage

Slavery Abolition

Adam

Smith-

CA

PIT

AL

ISM

• Free market- Laissez- Faire

• S/C/S laws=

1. Self interest

2. Competition,

3. Supply and

demand

Thom

as Malthus

• Population increases faster than the food supply!

• Malthusian……..• Is this true? When?

“Iron law

of wages”

• David Ricardo • Believed that workers should

only be paid enough to survive• If they make more, they will

only have more children and therefore become poor again or die off from starvation

• Permanent Underclass (like Malthus)

“Iron law

of wages”

• Workers should be satisfied with their wages because they are maintained at a natural level

• Leads to the idea that poverty is caused by character flaws in an individual

• Natural selection of the fittest

• Species develop specialized traits to fit their environment

Social

Dar

wini

sm

Separate notion from the biological argument. Not something Charles Darwin would have likely advocated!

1. Society should allow the weak and less fit to fail and die.

2. Pre-existing prejudices were rationalized by the notion that colonized nations, poor people, or disadvantaged minorities must have deserved their situations because they were “less fit” than those who were better off. (rationalized colonies and eugenics)

RE

FO

RM

Brought by

the IR

• Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines

• Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better

• Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth

• Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others

• Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced

Changes B

rought by the Industrial

Revolution

• Cities begin to dominate the western world

• Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential middle class

• Poor working conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new social and political movements-Getting organized for reforms!

• Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)

Reform

s

• By late 1800’s most European countries granted all men right to vote

• Child labor laws• 1909-8 hour work day for

miners• Public schools set up- kids

required to have basic education

Wom

en’s Suffrage and Slavery A

bolition

Suffragists

• We hold these truths to be self evident that all men and women are created

equal.

Suffragists

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the grandmother of the movement

•Open up the text to p. R 57 in the back. •Stanton Group reading

• Women all over the USA and Britain paraded and protested for suffrage.

Wom

en’s suffrage

• Stanton and Susan B. Anthony fought for women’s rights.

Suffering Til Suffrage

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are needed to see this picture.

• WWI helped women get the vote because they worked so hard during WWI.

• The Nineteenth Amendment gave women’s suffrage.

Labor R

eform

• Labor unions struggled in the 1800s to fight for better working conditions (shorter work day, workers’ comp).

Labor reform

• Unions went on strike, and they turned violent most of the time.

Workers Strike

Labor unions

• Skilled labor unions were more successful because they were harder to replace.

• Progressives got laws passed that prohibited child labor.

• Progressives passed laws limiting hours women worked.

• Progressives passed laws requiring workplace safety.

• Workplace safety.

Rise of Socialism

• Critics of the Industrial Revolution began advocating for a more even distribution of the wealth.

• Utilitarianism- government needed only to create greatest good for greatest number of people.

• John Stuart Mills- Questioned unregulated capitalism– More reforms in legal system and

education

Robert Owen

Rise of Socialism

• Robert Owen set up an utopian system in his factories, creating an ideal working community – workers worked less, children were taken care of while parents worked, productivity and profit increased

Tw

o Conflicting

Econom

ic Systems

• CAPITALISM

(Adam Smith)

• COMMUNISM

(Marx and Engels)

Marx and E

ngles

• Karl Marx and Frederick Engels witness the horrors of industrialization.

• Together they write the Communist Manifesto

• Believed capitalism would fail.

• Took socialism to a new level

• Proletariat will rise up against Bourgeoisie

Karl Marx

Marx and EngelsProletarian cry for justice against the growing bourgeoisie:

“ The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”

Founders and their

Works

Capitalism Communism

Adam Smith Karl Marx/ Frederick Engels

Wealth of Nations The Communist Manifesto

View

s on Governm

ent

Capitalism CommunismGovernment should not interfere with economy – laissez faire

Everything owned by governmentGovernment closely regulates economy (sets prices, etc.)

View

on people

People become wealthy because they offer something – a product or service, that others wantEveryone has the opportunity to succeed

People should cooperate to obtain success, eliminating competitionEveryone should have an equal share of the available wealth/property

Social Conditions

Capitalism CommunismThrough hard work people can lift themselves out of poverty

Government ownership of the economy will end unemployment, poverty, hunger, and slave-like working conditions

Individual Freedom

Capitalism CommunismPeople are free to choose their own careersFreedom of religionFreedom is more important than security

Government determines job placementReligion considered a burdenSacrifice freedom for security

Future

Capitalism is the only efficient economic system

Capitalism is self-destructiveWorkers will eventually rise up in a violent revolution and take powerThe future of the world is communism

Education

Industrial Revolution