Objectives:At the end of the lesson the students shall be able to:Overview the Kinds of birthIdentify the difference between the Infancy, Babyhood and Toddlerhood.Practice the understanding through writing a timeline from Infancy, Babyhood to Toddlerhood.Elaborate what you have learned through writing a Reflection paper.

Signs of LaborRupture of membranes: Your water breaks! Only 1 in 10 woman experience a dramatic gush of amniotic fluid. This event usually happens at home, often when you are in bed.Bloody show: Loss of mucus plug. During pregnancy, a thick plug of mucus protects the cervical opening from bacteria entering the uterus. When your cervix begins to thin and relax, this plug is expelled.  Some women think the plug will look solid like a cork, but it is actually stringy mucus or discharge.

Lightening: You can breathe again! This is an indication that the baby has dropped, settling deeper into your pelvis and relieving some of the pressure on your diaphragm helping you to not be so short of breath. You may feel increased pressure on your bladder, meaning more trips to the bathroom.Nesting: Spurt of energy. For most of your pregnancy you have probably been fighting the urge to take a nap, so you should easily recognize this symptom. A day will come when you will wake up feeling full of energy! You will be motivated to make lists of things to do, things to clean, things to buy, etc., and you will feel a sense of urgency about everything you’ve put off doing.

Kinds of BirthKinds of Birth

A.Normal BirthB.Breech BirthC.Caesarean Section

A. Normal BirthThe process of labor and birth is divided into three stages:First stage Begins when you start having contractions that cause progressive changes in your cervix and ends when your cervix is fully dilated. This stage is divided into two phases:

Early labor: Early labor: Your cervix gradually effaces (thins out) and dilates (opens).Active labor: Active labor: Your cervix begins to dilate more rapidly, and contractions are longer, stronger, and closer together. People often refer to the last part of active labor as transition.

Second stage of labor begins when you're fully dilated and ends with the birth of your baby. This is sometimes referred to as the "pushing" stage.

The third stage begins right after the birth of your baby and ends with the delivery of the placenta.

B. Breech Birth• the birth of a baby from a breech

presentation, in which the baby exits the pelvis with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head-first presentation.

Factors of Breech Birth• Amount of amniotic fluid –

Particularly if there is not enough amniotic fluid, there is not enough space for the baby to turn head down.

• PlacentaThe position of the placenta may get in the way of a head down position.

• Big baby / small babyThe bigger the baby, the less room there is for the baby to turn. Smaller than average babies which usually occur in multiple births, may also present in a breech position since there is less room for him/her to move around.

C. Caesarean Section• A caesarean section is the delivery of a baby

through a cut (incision) in the mother's belly and uterus. It is often called a C-section. In most cases, a woman can be awake during the birth and be with her newborn soon afterward.

• If you are pregnant, chances are good that you will be able to deliver your baby through the birth canal. But there are cases when a C-section is needed for the safety of the mother or baby. So even if you plan on a vaginal birth, it's a good idea to learn about C-section, in case the unexpected happens.

When is a C-section needed?A C-section may be planned or unplanned. In

most cases, doctors do cesarean sections because of problems that arise during labor. Reasons you might need an unplanned C-section include:•Labor is slow and hard or stops completely.•The baby shows signs of distress, such as a very fast or slow heart rate.•A problem with the placenta or umbilical cord puts the baby at risk. •The baby is too big to be delivered vaginally.

Another reasons• The baby is not in a head-down position close to

your due date.• You have a problem such as heart disease that

could be made worse by the stress of labor.• You have an infection that you could pass to the

baby during a vaginal birth.• You are carrying more than one baby.• You had a C-section before, and you have the

same problems this time or your doctor thinks labor might cause your scar to tear.

InFANCYBABYHOOD

TODDLERhood

Infancy(0-2 Weeks))

Infancy• The shortest of all developmental

periods.• The time of radical adjustments. • Hazardous period.• Plateau in development

Environment of AdjustmentWhen the umbilical cord is cut off, •the child gets nourishment by the reflexes of sucking and swallowing instead of receiving it from the mother through umbilical cord.•the infant must begin to breathe on its own.

According to your experience what have you observe to an infant?

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTBabies develop very rapidly during

the first three years of life. They are born with a number of physical reflexes.

A reflex is an uncontrolled response to a physical change.

ROOTING REFLEXThe baby turns it’s head in the direction of the touch, enabling it to find the nipple of it’s mother’s breast to obtain food.

MORO REFLEXWhen startled or respond to sudden sounds, a baby throws out is arms and legs, then pulls them back with fingers curved.

GRASP REFLEXA baby will grasp an object placed in their palm. The strength of this grip is strong, and most babies can support their entire weight in their grip

WALKING REFLEXWhen a baby is held with it’s feet touching the ground it’s legs will make forward movements, as if walking.

Do Infants learn and remember?

All of us experience infantile amnesia, the inability to recall events that happened when we were young ( Spear, 1979). Generally, we can remember little or nothing that has happened to us before the age of about 5 years, and it is extremely rare for a person to recall many memories before 3 years.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTLooks toward direction of sound

Eyes track slow moving target for brief period Turns head towards bright colours and lights Recognizes bottle or breast Turns head towards sound Looks at edges, patterns with light/dark contrast and faces

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Specific and identifiable emotional changes cannot be seen at birth. Anyhow some reactions may be there as facial expressions of pleasantness and unpleasantness. These are characterized by the relaxing and tensing of the body. Whatever may be the stimulus the resultant emotion is intense and instant.

Social Development Young children and particularly infants

tend to focus on the adults who are close to them and become bonded to a small group of people early in life - mainly the people who care for them.

The quality of attachments depends upon the adults. When attachments are formed, young infants learn that they can depend on mothers, fathers, caregivers, or older siblings to make them feel better.

Infancy Milestone ( Birth to 3 Months )Babies spend a lot of time getting to know their own bodies. They:•Suck their own fingers•Observe their hands•Look at the place on the body that is being touched•Begin to realize she is a separate person from others and learn how body parts, like arms and legs, are attached

Infants are interested in other people and learn to recognize primary caregivers. Most infants:•can be comforted by a familiar adult•respond positively to touch•interact best when in an alert state or in an inactive and attentive state •smile and show pleasure in response to social stimulation

Babyhood( 2 Weeks - 2 Years)

Do you remember anything about yourself when you were two years old?

BabyhoodThe true foundation age. At this time, many

behaviour patterns, attitudes and emotional expressions are established. It is a critical period in setting the pattern for personal and emotional adjustments.

Ability grows to recognize and respond to people and objects in the environment. The baby is able to understand many things and communicate its needs and wants.

More Independent

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTEnjoys crawling, walking around

furniture, & standingCan pick up tiny objects (uses thumb and

fingers well)Very oral – everything goes in mouthDevelops arms and hand controlEnjoys taking off clothes, climbing up onto

furniture's or stairs

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTIn Infancy, they don’t understand that

objects exist even when hidden from view. • A thing only exists when they see or feel it

During the second year of life, a child acquires “object permanence” and start to search for objects in different places.

They’re more curious and if the new object they find is better than the previous one, it holds their attention.

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT

Uses names of familiar objects and people

Loves to imitate actions of othersConnects words to objectsLooks at books and choose themMay scribble randomly

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Strong attachment to adultsFears can be shown especially to

things such as Santa, clowns, fast moving objects and large dogs

Babies can tantrum when frustrated

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSmiles easily and shows enjoyment of

peopleDemonstrates sign of independenceBeginning of understanding that some

behaviours are acceptable and some are not

Watches people and their activitiesPrefers to be with others while playing

Babyhood Milestone (3 months – 2 years)Babies are more likely to initiate social interaction. They begin to:• play a peek-a-boo• pay attention to own nameBabies show a wider emotional range and stronger preferences for people. Most can• show displeasure at the loss of a toy• distinguish friends from strangers

As they near age one, imitation and self-regulation gain importance. Most babies can• feed themselves finger food• hold a cup with two hands and drink with assistanceChildren become more aware of themselves and their ability to make things happen. They express a wider range of emotions and more likely to initiate interaction with other people.

Toddlerhood

(2 yrs. – 3 yrs.)

ToddlerToddlers waiver from being

dependent on caregivers to being an independent person, and this may cause a variety of challenging characteristics.

Relatively independentExplore everything, show a stronger

sense of self and expand their range of self-help skills.

The American Academy of Pediatrics book Caring for Your Baby and Young Child indicates that toddlerhood begins with the second year of life, after your child's first birthday: "Your baby enters her second year and becomes a toddler, crawling vigorously, starting to walk, even talking a little." And later includes the ages from 2-3 years old as well saying, "Although your toddler's growth rate will slow between his second and third birthdays, nevertheless he will continue his remarkable physical transformation from a baby to a child." At age 3, this book states that your child is "no longer a toddler" and is considered a pre-schooler.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENTCan already walk and run with the

change of speed and directionCan throw and kick balls or other

thingsAble to balance with a minimal effortHelp to dress or undress him or

herselfIs able to use eating utensils

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTUses common items appropriately

Line up and stack blocksShows eye hand coordinationGrasp items with pointer finger and

thumbAsk for help when neededBegins counting and identifying shapesBegins solving problems

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Has temper tantrums or shows defiant behavior

Shows fear or is nervous around strangers

Shows affection towards othersShows concern for othersUnderstand the idea of “mine” and “no”Begins to show sign of guilt or remorse

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTPlays close to and sometimes with other

childrenShows interest in pretend playPoints to show other thingsNotice other emotions to othersUsually does not like to shareExcited to see familiar peopleBegins to make friends or favour to

people

Toddlerhood Milestone (2yrs-3yrs)Children begin to experience themselves as more powerful, creative “doers”. Children are likely to:• show awareness of gender identity• help to dress and undress themselves• display aggressive feelings and behaviors

In your home, how’s your relationship with your parents?

How does your parents discipline you?

Parenting StylesAuthoritarian ParentingAuthoritative ParentingPermissive ParentingUninvolved Parenting

Authoritarian Parenting

• The "Authoritarian Parenting Style" is an extremely strict form of parenting that expects a child to adhere to rules and regulations set out by the parents with little or no input or communication from the child.

• This type of parenting style is a harsh, rigid emotional climate that is low in parental responsiveness (the nurturing aspect of the child) and high in parental demandingness (control over the child).

Authoritative ParentingThe"Authoritative Parenting Style" is one that communicates in a warm, accepting, nurturing manner. Parents maintain firm expectations and restrictions on their children's behaviour while holding them accountable for their own actions. With love, understanding and respect for their children, they provide the important structure needed in the family environment.

Permissive Parenting

• The Permissive Parenting Style (also referred as Indulgent) is an extremely relaxed approach where parents are generally warm, nurturing and affectionate. However, they are overly accepting of their children's behaviour, good or bad.

• Few if any demands, rules or restrictions are placed on children, and parents attempt to avoid arguments at all cost.

• They often use bribery as a means of controlling their children. Treats, toys, or gifts are provided as a discipline approach.

Uninvolved Parenting

• The Uninvolved Parenting style (often referred to as neglectful parenting) as the name implies, the parent is totally disengaged and emotionally uninvolved in their child's life. There is little if any expression of love and affection.

• Low in parental responsiveness (the nurturing aspect of the child) and low in parental demandingness (control over the child).

• Often these parents provide only the basic needs of food and shelter. Opportunity for sports, recreation and ordinary pleasures in life are too often non existent.

Activity Form a group, discuss and write a TIMELINE w/ development traits from Birth 3 years

References• https://vivienneclark.files.wordpress.com/

2011/05/1b-ppt-infancy-0-2-years-and-reflexes.ppt

• http://www.slideshare.net/yuriannkimNacional/six-aspects-of-development-during-babyhood

• http://www.slideshare.net/jollytolley/toddler-development-powerpoint

• http://www.the-positive-parenting-centre.com/types_of_parenting_styles.html